Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases

Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least what percentage of DNA exoneration cases, according to research cited in the text?

What is the phenomenon called where misinformation that subjects are exposed to after an event contaminates their memories of what they witnessed?

In the early study by Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978), subjects viewed a slideshow of a car accident. What object was mentioned in a misleading question to subjects who had actually seen a stop sign?

In the context of eyewitness identification lineups, what is the term for the individuals included alongside the police suspect who are known to be innocent of the crime?

According to research by Garry et al. (2008), where subjects watched different video versions through polarized glasses and then discussed the events, what happened to their memory accuracy for details they had discussed?

Which factor is NOT listed as one that makes eyewitness identification errors particularly likely?

What is the term for a memory template, formed through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events, that helps organize information but can also lead to memory errors?

In the pioneering false memory study by Loftus and Pickrell (1995), what was the fabricated event that researchers attempted to implant in subjects' memories?

In the 'lost in the mall' study by Loftus and Pickrell (1995), what fraction of the subjects came to believe that the false event had actually happened to them after it was suggested on three separate occasions?

The research technique of photoshopping childhood photographs of subjects into a hot air balloon picture to create a false memory was used in a study by which group of researchers?

What does the term 'eyewitness testimony' encompass?

According to the text, why can slight differences in the wording of a question lead to misinformation effects?

What is one recommendation that has come out of research to help lineup identifications 'go right'?

How can our expectations and beliefs about the world, such as knowing a library has shelves, influence our memories according to the concept of schemata?

What is the term for a research subject who plays the part of a witness in a study of eyewitness identification?

According to the text, what is a key difference between how eyewitness testimony is perceived in court and its actual reliability?

What kind of error can a mock witness make in a 'target absent' lineup?

The text describes a study where subjects were more likely to say 'yes' when asked 'Did you see the broken headlight?' versus 'Did you see a broken headlight?'. This demonstrates how misinformation effects can be caused by what?

What is a 'fair lineup' as described in the text?

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) effect, where you feel a name is close but cannot recall it, is given as an example of what kind of memory issue?

What type of memory error is described as being so 'large' that it almost belongs in its own class, often involving the recollection of entire events that never occurred?

In a study by Braun, Ellis, and Loftus (2002), what impossible false memory were subjects convinced of through a mock-advertisement study?

What is the 'false feedback manipulation' technique for implanting false memories?

Once a false memory is implanted, how easy is it to distinguish from a true memory?

What is one of the main conclusions drawn about eyewitness testimony in the legal system?

Which two groups are identified as being even more susceptible to misinformation than young adults?

The phenomenon of witnesses talking to one another after a crime and contaminating each other's memories is a problem particularly in what kind of situation?

In the experiment where subjects wore differently polarized glasses, what was the key finding regarding their memory for details discussed with their 'co-witness'?

What type of identification procedure, using pictures, is typically conducted in most jurisdictions in the United States?

What is one of the two ways mock witnesses (and real witnesses) can make errors in a target-present lineup?

What does the Innocence Project website showcase?

The text suggests that our memory systems use schemata because many aspects of our everyday lives are full of what?

What was the consequence of implanting false memories about getting sick on a particular food in a study by Bernstein, Laney, Morris, and Loftus (2005)?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a recommendation for improving legal procedures regarding eyewitnesses?

The case of Ronald Cotton, who was identified by a rape victim and sentenced to life in prison before being exonerated by DNA, is used to illustrate what?

What is the primary reason the chapter gives for why psychological science has taught us about precautions for the investigative and judicial processes?

In the study where researchers provided subjects with unmanipulated class photos and a fake story about a class prank, what was the outcome?

The chapter describes the process of recalling an event for the court as being more complicated than initially presumed. Which of the following is part of this complicated process?

What is the definition of 'False memories' provided in the chapter's vocabulary section?

What happens in a 'double blind' lineup procedure?

In the original misinformation effect study by Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978), what were subjects shown after being asked the misleading question about the yield sign?

According to the text, why is it hard for people hearing compelling eyewitness testimony in court to take it 'with a grain of salt'?

What is the consequence of forming schemata for our memory of everyday situations, like being in a library?

The text mentions a study that found people are more likely to pick a yield sign after a misleading question. What does this indicate about the misinformation?

Which of the following experiences was NOT mentioned as a false memory implanted in subjects in research studies?

What is the primary conclusion about the relationship between memory and the legal system presented in the chapter?

How is a 'photo spread' defined in the vocabulary section of the chapter?

In the study with polarized glasses, the accuracy of subjects for items they had NOT discussed with their co-witness was what percentage?

What is the final sentence of the chapter's main body of text, before the Outside Resources and Vocabulary?

Misinformation can contaminate memory for everything from small details of a perpetrator's appearance to objects as large as what?