Language and Language Use

According to Clark (1996), what is the term for the set of knowledge that a speaker and listener share and take for granted that they share during a conversation?

What is the term for the phenomenon where speakers design their utterances for their audiences by considering the audience's knowledge?

Based on research by Dunbar, Duncan, and Nettle (1995) and James (1953), what percentage of conversations occur in groups of four or fewer individuals?

According to Pickering and Garrod (2004), at which of the following levels do people in a conversation interactively align their actions?

What is a 'situation model' in the context of a conversation?

What is the primary mechanism through which similar situation models are built in the minds of conversation participants, according to Pickering and Garrod's theory?

According to observations of naturally occurring conversations by Dunbar, Marriott, and Duncan (1997), what percentage of everyday conversation is considered gossip?

What activity did Dunbar (1996) conjecture is the human equivalent of grooming in monkeys and primates?

What is the 'social brain hypothesis' as described in the chapter?

Based on Dunbar's (1993) equation predicting group size from neocortex size, what is the estimated group size that human brains can support?

What is the 'linguistic intergroup bias' as described by Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, and Semin (1989)?

In the study by Semin and Fiedler (1988), what do abstract terms like adjectives (e.g., 'athletic') convey about a person's action compared to concrete verbs (e.g., 'runs')?

What tends to happen to information as it is transmitted multiple times through communication chains, according to the work of Bartlett (1932)?

In Kashima's (2000) experiment involving the retelling of a story about a young couple, what type of information was more likely to be retained through the communication chain?

According to Holtgraves & Kashima (2008), how does using language to describe an experience affect a person's thoughts and feelings?

In Halberstadt's (2003) study, what happened when people verbally explained why a person in a picture was expressing a particular ambiguous emotion?

What effect did linguistically labeling negative images have on the amygdala in the study by Lieberman et al. (2007)?

According to Lyubomirsky, Sousa, and Dickerhoof (2006), what was the effect of writing and talking about negative past life events on psychological well-being?

What is the name of the hypothesis, often associated with Sapir and Whorf, which posits that the language people use can significantly affect their thoughts and action?

In the study by Hoffman, Lau, and Johnson (1986), why were people who knew Chinese better able to remember a personality description?

What is the 'strong form' of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which the chapter suggests is probably wrong?

According to the research by Kashima & Kashima (1998), what cultural value is associated with languages that practice 'pronoun drop'?

What reasoning did Kashima & Kashima (1998) propose for the link between non-pronoun drop languages and individualistic values?

The development of Nicaraguan Sign Language by deaf children in the 1980s is used as an example to illustrate what about language?

In the vocabulary section, how is 'syntax' defined?

What is the primary form of language use described in the chapter?

An 'adjacency pair' in conversation is described as a pair of utterances that, together with an affirmation, accomplishes what?

What type of linguistic cues do people use to convey the extent to which someone's action is a stable character trait versus a specific case?

In the vocabulary section, what is the definition of 'Ingroup'?

The transformation of the Native American tale 'War of the Ghosts' in Bartlett's study, where canoes became boats, is an example of what process?

What is defined in the vocabulary list as 'A stimulus presented to a person reminds him or her about other ideas associated with the stimulus'?

What is the primary argument of Dunbar's (1996) theory on gossip?

How does the chapter characterize everyday conversation based on the work of Pickering and Garrod (2004)?

Which part of the brain, critically involved in processing negative emotions like fear, was found to be less activated when people linguistically labeled negative images in the Lieberman et al. (2007) study?

What is the definition of 'lexicon' according to the chapter?

What does the linguistic intergroup bias suggest about how we describe the actions of our own group members (ingroup) versus other groups (outgroups)?

What is the term for a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description?

Which statement best reflects the chapter's conclusion on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

In the example conversation between Adam and Ben, Ben's response 'For Mary, isn’t it?' serves as evidence for what?

How do speakers engage in 'audience design' when speaking to a less knowledgeable audience about an object?

What does the chapter describe as an 'almost miraculous achievement' that humans engage in daily?

In the context of the linguistic intergroup bias, using the verb 'runs' to describe an action conveys what?

What is the general conclusion from studies like Pennebaker & Seagal (1999) and Lyubomirsky et al. (2006) regarding the verbalization of negative life events?

A 'linguistic practice,' as described in the chapter, refers to what?

Which of these is NOT listed as a level of language use where interpersonal alignment occurs, according to Pickering and Garrod (2004)?

According to the chapter, why is language use considered a central topic for psychology, the science of behavior?

What is the function of gossip in regulating the social world, as argued by Dunbar?

In the study of serial reproduction of narratives, like Bartlett's (1932) and Kashima's (2000), what is the general finding about the content that gets retained?

The chapter's conclusion suggests that contemporary human civilization would not have been possible without the human ability for what?

What are 'social networks' as defined in the vocabulary list?