The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Which layer of the heart wall is composed of a thick cardiac muscle layer responsible for pumping blood?

What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta for systemic circulation?

In the heart's conduction system, which component is known as the natural 'pacemaker'?

On an electrocardiogram (ECG), the QRS complex represents which electrical event in the heart?

What physiological event causes the first heart sound, S1, often described as 'lub'?

What is the correct formula for calculating Cardiac Output (CO)?

According to the text, what is the approximate duration of a complete cardiac cycle?

The atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is known as the:

What is the purpose of the approximately 100 millisecond delay at the atrioventricular (AV) node during the cardiac conduction cycle?

The T wave on a normal ECG tracing corresponds to which mechanical event in the heart?

The second heart sound, S2 or 'dub', is caused by the closure of which pair of valves?

Which partition separates the right and left atria of the heart?

What term is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles with each contraction?

The right and left coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle itself, are the first branches off which major vessel?

The serous membrane that is superficial to the lungs and lines the lung fissures is known as the:

The heart resides within a double-layered sac called the pericardial sac. What is the inner layer of this sac that is fused to the fibrous outer capsule?

In what order does the electrical impulse travel through the heart's conduction system, starting from the pacemaker?

A student using a stethoscope hears 20 'lub-dub' sounds from a classmate in 15 seconds. What is the classmate's heart rate in beats per minute (BPM)?

Ventricular systole refers to the period when the ventricles are:

Which structures, described as muscular ridges distinct from the papillary muscles, are found within the walls of the ventricles?

If a person has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a cardiac output of 4900 mL per minute, what is their stroke volume?

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

The P wave on an ECG is generated by which electrical event?

What is the term for the period of the cardiac cycle when all four heart chambers are in a state of relaxation?

Stroke Volume (SV) is calculated as the difference between which two volumes?

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava?

The method of listening to heart sounds using a stethoscope is called:

If an ECG trace from a 6-second strip shows 12 QRS complexes, what is the calculated heart rate in beats per minute (BPM)?

The papillary muscles are extensions of which heart layer and are attached to the chordae tendineae?

In the cardiac cycle, when ventricular pressure rises above the pressure in the two major arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk), what event occurs?

What is the term for the puppy-ear-shaped external extensions of the atria?

The right ventricle is smaller and thinner-walled than the left ventricle because it pumps blood to the:

What are the first vessels to branch off the aorta, arising from sinuses near its base?

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium is called the:

What is the name for the event in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood?

During dissection, a hole is found between the right and left atrium. What is the most likely effect on the blood in systemic circulation?

Heart rate is largely determined and regulated by autonomic stimulation and what other factor?

What does the PR interval on an ECG represent?

What anatomical feature of the heart is described as an indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart?

The term for a heart rate significantly faster than normal, as shown in Figure 19.19, is:

Where in the heart is the pulmonary valve located?

The conductive cells of the heart transmit electrical impulses, while the contractile cells are responsible for what action?

Which chamber receives oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs?

The failure of heart valves to operate properly can produce turbulent blood flow, which may be heard with a stethoscope as a:

In the cardiac conduction cycle, what step immediately follows the SA node initiating an action potential?

Besides autonomic innervation and hormones, what is a major factor that regulates Stroke Volume (SV)?

What is the name of the ridged muscle tissue found in the anterior walls of the atria?

If a tricuspid atrioventricular valve were bicuspid and did not close properly, this would most directly impair the heart's ability to pump blood to the:

What does the ST segment on an ECG represent?

One way to determine heart rate is by using an ECG and counting the number of which peaks per minute?