The Chemical Level of Organization

According to the background information, what is the atomic number of the element Carbon?

What is the term for different versions of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, resulting in a different atomic mass?

What is the primary objective of a chemical reaction with respect to an atom's electron orbitals?

What is the term for an atom that has lost an electron and thus has an excess of protons, resulting in a positive charge?

Which type of chemical bond is formed when atoms share electrons to create attractive forces that hold them together?

What are the monomer units that are covalently bonded together to form protein polymers?

What is the general term for the monomers of carbohydrates, with glucose being a specific example?

Which type of chemical reaction is responsible for building large molecules from smaller monomers, involving the loss of a water molecule for each bond formed?

What type of reaction breaks down large molecules like proteins into their monomer subunits by using a molecule of water to break each bond?

What is the general term for catalysts used in living organisms, which are typically proteins that reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction to start?

What is the name of the very specific, three-dimensional site on an enzyme where its substrate binds?

What does the 'induced-fit model' of enzyme action describe?

Besides temperature and pH, what are the other factors mentioned that affect enzyme activity by modifying its 3D shape, such as vitamins and minerals?

How is a solution with a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and therefore a low pH described?

The isotope Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. According to the text, how many neutrons does the isotope Carbon-14 have?

In a neutral atom, how does the number of negatively charged electrons relate to the number of positively charged protons?

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the second electron orbital of an atom?

Triglycerides, also known as fats and oils, are a type of lipid made from which two molecular components?

Based on the text's description of factors affecting enzyme activity, under what pH condition do stomach enzymes function effectively?

In the laboratory exercise involving gelatin and pineapple juice, gelatin is described as being made of what protein?

What is the name of the enzyme from pineapple juice used in the lab exercise that catalyzes the breakdown of covalent bonds in gelatin proteins?

The breakdown of gelatin by the enzyme Bromelain, as described in Exercise 2, is an example of which type of chemical reaction?

What is the specific name for the outermost electron orbital of an atom, which is responsible for interactions with other atoms?

The post-laboratory questions discuss the radioactive isotope Iodine-131 and the stable isotope Iodine-127. Which subatomic particle is the reason for the difference in their mass numbers?

When Sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl) interact to form table salt (NaCl), what happens to the electron from the Sodium atom?

DNA, which carries our genetic material, is described as a long polymer composed of which type of monomer?

According to the introduction to Exercise 1, what is the primary purpose of using unstable, radioactive isotopes as tracers in clinical diagnosis?

When used in treatment for diseases like cancer, why are radioactive isotopes effective at killing unwanted cells?

What are the three main subatomic particles that compose an atom, as described in the background section?

A solution with a low concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a high pH is described as what?

What is the general term for the reactants that an enzyme binds to during a chemical reaction?

What is the term for an atom that has gained one or more electrons, giving it an excess negative charge?

Maltose and glycogen are given as examples of what types of biomolecules?

According to the description in Exercise 2, what happens if the peptide bonds holding the amino acids together in gelatin are broken?

What type of macromolecule are enzymes usually composed of?

What is the primary way that enzymes speed up chemical reactions in a living organism?

In the proposed post-laboratory experiment comparing the enzyme activity in fresh versus canned pineapple juice, what would be the independent variable?

In the question for Exercise 2.1, it asks what you expect to happen to the three-dimensional structure of gelatin protein after adding boiling water. Based on the chapter's principles about factors affecting proteins, what is the most likely outcome?

A neutral Carbon atom has 6 positively charged protons. How many negatively charged electrons does it have?

The process of digestion, where biomolecules like proteins and carbohydrates are broken down into their subunits, is an example of what type of reaction?

What is the term for a solution that is neither acidic nor basic, such as water?

A molecule of methane, or CH4, is given as an example of covalent bonding. How many hydrogen atoms are bonded to the single carbon atom?

Based on the post-laboratory questions discussing Iodine-131 and Iodine-127, what is the numerical difference in their mass numbers?

The motivation section discusses the importance of chemistry for nurses, particularly in understanding nutrition. The background information then details the breakdown of which three major types of biomolecules during digestion?

What general term is used to describe large, biologically relevant molecules that are formed from repeating monomer units bonded together?

If a neutral atom of Helium has 2 protons in its nucleus, how many electrons does it have orbiting the nucleus?

What is the term for the attractive forces created between sodium cations and chloride anions that result in the formation of large groupings called crystals?

The different chemical properties of elements are determined by the number of which subatomic particle?

In Exercise 2.2, which tubes serve as the control group to compare against the tubes containing gelatin?

If a neutral Iodine atom (I) loses an electron to become an ion, what will its charge be, and will it be an anion or a cation?