The Somatic Nervous System

What is the primary distinction between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in terms of the body's control?

How is perception different from sensation in sensory function?

Which of the following is an example of a specialized receptor cell, as classified by cell type?

What type of receptor is located near a moving part of the body, such as a muscle, to interpret the position of tissues?

Which functional receptor type interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage?

What defines a 'special sense' as opposed to a 'general sense'?

Which taste submodality is detected through the activation of G protein–coupled receptors by the amino acid L-glutamate?

Which cranial nerve connects to the taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue?

What is the unique characteristic of the olfactory system's pathway to the cerebral cortex compared to other sensory modalities?

What is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?

In the cochlea, where are high-frequency sound waves detected?

What happens when stereocilia in the organ of Corti bend toward the tallest member of their array?

Which structures in the inner ear are primarily responsible for sensing head position and linear acceleration, such as the pull of gravity?

What is the function of the otoliths in the vestibular system?

Which somatosensory receptor is responsible for transducing deep pressure and high-frequency vibration around 250 Hz?

The active molecule in hot peppers, capsaicin, elicits a sensation of heat and pain by binding to a transmembrane ion channel in which type of receptor?

Which of the following is considered a 'general sense'?

Which three cranial nerves innervate the six extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement?

What is the innermost layer of the eye, which contains the nervous tissue responsible for photoreception?

Why is visual acuity greatest at the fovea?

What is the primary difference between rod and cone photoreceptors in the human eye?

What biochemical process, also known as photoisomerization, initiates visual transduction in the retina?

According to the text, the three primary colors that the pigments in human eyes are specialized in perceiving are which of the following?

What is the peak sensitivity wavelength of rhodopsin, the photopigment found in rods?

Cranial nerve systems are typically organized in what way regarding their connection to the brain?

Which of the following cranial nerves contains only sensory axons?

What is the term for the transduction of sound waves into a neural signal?

Sour taste is the perception of the concentration of which ion?

Which type of papillae on the tongue contain the structures for gustatory transduction?

Vibrations below what frequency, in Hertz, are transduced by tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles?

In the context of the somatic nervous system, what is the 'withdrawal reflex'?

Which part of the vascular tunic of the eye is a muscular structure attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments that allows the lens to focus light?

The fluid-filled space between the cornea and the lens, which includes the iris and ciliary body, is known as the:

What is the correct sequence of cells that a signal travels through in the retina from the photoreceptor to the optic nerve?

How many sensory modalities, approximately, can be listed when separating the five major senses into more specific categories?

Which structure connects the middle ear to the pharynx and helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane?

In the process of vision, what is the term for the state when a large group of photopigments cannot respond to light energy until the retinal molecule is changed back to its 11-cis-retinal shape?

Which structure in the semicircular canals deflects in response to rotational movement, causing the stereocilia of hair cells to bend?

What type of somatosensory receptors are muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?

The bony orbits of the skull surround the eyeballs primarily to perform what function?

What causes the 'blind spot' in our visual field?

Visible light, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation, falls within what range of wavelengths?

Why does our low-light vision appear in grayscale?

Which of the following is an example of an exteroceptor?

What is the general function of a chemoreceptor?

The function of bitter taste is thought to be primarily related to what reflex?

What are the three small bones, or ossicles, of the middle ear?

Which receptor, also known as type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor, is responsible for transducing stretching of the skin?

Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the lateral rectus muscle, which causes abduction of the eye?

What is the name of the fluid-filled tube within the cochlea that extends from the oval window and travels above the cochlear duct?