Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance

What is the term for aqueous solutions in the body with differing concentrations of solutes?

What is the consequence if the cytosol becomes too dilute due to excessive water intake by cells?

What is hydrostatic pressure in the context of body fluids?

What is the source of approximately 10 percent of the water available to the body?

Which hormone helps the body retain water by increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys?

What is the normal pH range of blood and other fluids that the body's buffering systems work to maintain?

What is the primary buffering system of the interstitial fluid (IF) surrounding the cells in tissues throughout the body?

What is the definition of edema as described in the chapter?

What is the term for having blood sodium levels that are too high?

According to the principles of osmosis discussed in Exercise 2, what would happen to red blood cells placed in a 5 percent NaCl solution?

What happens to the pH of water when carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in it?

Which two hormones are identified as controlling the exchange of sodium and potassium between the renal filtrate and the renal collecting tubule?

What is a buffer, as defined in the context of acid-base balance?

According to Figure 26.3, what causes the filtration of water out of the capillary at the arterial end?

In the context of fluid balance, where do electrolytes such as ions in plasma make their contribution?

What is the result of the skin turgor test in a well-hydrated individual?

What are the two components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) mentioned in the chapter?

Which two body systems, besides the buffer systems, play major roles in acid-base homeostasis by removing CO2 and hydrogen ions?

What is the anticipated effect of a leaky capillary on the rate of water movement out of the capillary and the probability of developing edema?

Which intravenous sodium chloride solution could help a patient with hypernatremia, and why?

What chemical is sodium bicarbonate?

Fluid can move between compartments from a low solute to a high solute concentration along what type of gradient?

At the venous end of the capillary, what is the primary reason water is reabsorbed into the capillary from the interstitial fluid?

What is the largest source of water output from the body under normal conditions?

When a buffer, acting as a weak base, absorbs an ion to prevent a radical change in pH, which ion does it take up?

Which of the following patient histories is LEAST likely to directly contribute to edema by altering capillary fluid exchange dynamics as discussed in the chapter?

The term hyperchloremia refers to having blood levels of which ion that are too high?

What is the expected outcome for red blood cells placed in an isotonic 0.9 percent NaCl solution?

In Exercise 3, what effect does adding sodium bicarbonate (a weak base) have on the pH of an acidic solution like carbonated water?

What are the three main purposes of electrolytes mentioned in the chapter, besides their role in osmotic balance?

What is the typical net filtration pressure at the arterial end of a capillary as shown in Figure 26.3?

According to the chapter, which hormones regulate calcium and phosphate?

What happens if the cytosol becomes too concentrated due to water loss?

What is the role of the kidneys in response to the body being dehydrated?

How do passive or active processes contribute to maintaining proper solute concentrations in fluid compartments?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a buffer in the body in the 'Acid-Base Balance' section?

According to the Post-laboratory Questions, how would prescribing a diuretic help relieve edema?

When you blow exhaled air into water, what happens to the pH and why?

What is the relationship between blood pressure and hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries?

What is the term for the movement of fluid between compartments along a gradient from low solute to high solute concentration?

According to Figure 26.3, what is the net pressure at the venous end of the capillary, leading to reabsorption?

Which of these is NOT a sign of severe dehydration mentioned in the 'Motivation' section?

What is the primary effect of abnormally low blood pressure on the probability of developing edema, according to the table in Exercise 1?

How does the body maintain fluid balance between the intracellular and extracellular fluids?

Which condition would be treated with a hypotonic 0.45 percent sodium chloride IV solution?

The chemical reaction CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+ demonstrates what?

In Figure 26.3, what force opposes the capillary hydrostatic pressure that drives filtration?

Which of the following would NOT be a likely direct cause of edema?

What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) besides increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys?

Passive transport of a molecule or ion across a membrane depends on its ability to pass through the membrane and what other factor?