The Autonomic Nervous System

Which term is used to describe the abnormal functioning and dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system?

In the comparison between the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), what is the effector for the SNS?

How many neurons are typically involved in the pathway from the CNS to the effector in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the thoracolumbar division because it arises from which spinal nerves?

Which of the following is a function stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

In the sympathetic division, what are the myelinated axons connecting the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglion called?

What percentage of the cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine in response to sympathetic innervation?

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the craniosacral division because it arises from which structures?

Which cranial nerve contains approximately 75 percent of all parasympathetic fibers?

What type of neurotransmitter is secreted by all autonomic preganglionic axons and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons?

Axons that secrete norepinephrine are referred to as what type of axons?

Which type of cholinergic receptor always leads to an excitatory response and is found on all autonomic postganglionic neurons?

How do beta blockers work to reduce blood pressure?

According to the text, the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with which nickname?

In the comparison between Somatic (SNS) and Autonomic (ANS) systems, which system has myelinated axons?

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the ANS located?

What is the function of the gray ramus communicants in the sympathetic division?

Which structures are innervated by sympathetic axons that travel through splanchnic nerves to collateral ganglia?

What is unique about the innervation of the adrenal medulla by the sympathetic nervous system?

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia, also known as terminal ganglia, typically located?

Which parasympathetic nerve is responsible for innervating the smooth muscles in the eyes?

Why do the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine last longer than the effects of acetylcholine?

A muscarinic receptor is a type of cholinergic receptor. What is its response to acetylcholine?

Which type of adrenergic receptor does norepinephrine stimulate more than epinephrine?

What is the general function of the autonomic nervous system, as described in the 'Comparison of Somatic Motor and Autonomic Nervous Systems' table?

The organizational network of the ANS is composed of ganglia. What is the function of these ganglia?

Which of the following is an inhibitory function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Sympathetic ganglia are also referred to as vertebral ganglia because they lie on either side of the ventral surface of the spinal cord, resembling what?

The general function of the parasympathetic division is described as initiating effects that are generally what?

Which parasympathetic nerves are responsible for innervating the urinary bladder, lower colon, and rectum?

Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic axons are adrenergic, meaning they release norepinephrine. What is the exception mentioned in the text?

Adrenergic receptors respond to norepinephrine or epinephrine. Which of the two main types, alpha or beta, is generally more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine?

What is the response of beta receptors in heart muscle versus beta receptors in stomach wall smooth muscle to norepinephrine?

Where are the cell bodies for postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic nervous system?

In the 'Spider Sat Down Beside Her' scenario, what physiological change is indicative of the parasympathetic system being active before the spider appeared?

Which neurotransmitter is used at the effector in the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?

Postganglionic sympathetic axons leave the sympathetic chain and pass through gray ramus communicants to innervate what structures in the skin?

What are the names of the three collateral ganglia of the sympathetic division located in the abdomen?

The parasympathetic division is also called the 'repose-and-repair' division, indicating its function is what?

Which two parasympathetic cranial nerves are responsible for innervating the salivary glands?

What type of receptor is found on skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction?

In the comparison table, how many synapses are listed between the motor neuron and the effector for the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?

What is the general effect of the parasympathetic division on the heart?

What does the term 'prevertebral' ganglia refer to?

The autonomic nervous system consists of what type of neurons that transmit to visceral effectors?

How does the autonomic nervous system permit an enhanced and prolonged sympathetic effect that can reach organs otherwise not involved?

In the parasympathetic division, preganglionic axons tend to synapse with how many postganglionic neurons?

What is the receptor type for the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) as listed in the comparison table?

The scenario with Jayla and the spider illustrates the complementarity of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system. What are these two branches?