The Urinary System

Besides cleansing the blood and ridding the body of wastes, what is an additional function of the urinary system mentioned in the text?

Which of the following lists the main components of the urinary system as described in the text?

Where are the kidneys located within the body?

Approximately what percentage of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive at rest?

Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood flow from the renal artery into the kidney cortex?

In the microscopic anatomy of the kidney, which vessels take blood to and from the glomerulus, respectively?

What are the 'functional units' of the kidney called?

Approximately how many glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys, are distributed between the two kidneys?

What are the three principle functions accomplished by nephrons to balance plasma and excrete toxins?

The renal corpuscle, where filtration takes place, is composed of which two structures?

While the renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules are located in the renal cortex, which part of the nephron is located in the medulla region?

What prominent histological feature of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) creates a large surface area to maximize reabsorption and secretion?

What is the approximate length of the ureters?

Which type of epithelium lines the inner mucosa of the ureters and allows for distension?

How do the ureters prevent the reflux of urine from the bladder back into the ureter?

What is the name of the muscle composed of irregular crisscrossing bands of smooth muscle that makes up the urinary bladder?

What is the approximate maximum volume of urine an adult bladder can hold?

What type of epithelium lines the interior surface of the urinary bladder, allowing it to transition from a columnar to a squamous appearance when stretched?

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?

What are the respective average lengths of the female and male urethra?

Which of the following correctly lists the three regions of the male urethra from the bladder to the exterior?

Voiding is regulated by two sphincters: an involuntary one made of smooth muscle and a voluntary one made of skeletal muscle. What are these called, respectively?

What is the range of daily urine production for a normal, healthy individual?

What is the name of the yellow pigment that determines the color of urine, which is a breakdown product of red blood cell destruction?

What causes the strong ammonia odor that can be detected in urine that has been standing for some time?

What is the normal pH range for urine samples, although it typically averages around 6.0?

How do high-protein and vegetable-rich diets typically influence urine pH?

The presence of ketones in the urine, known as ketonuria, suggests that the body is using what as a primary energy source instead of glucose?

What is the most common disorder associated with the presence of urine ketones?

What is the approximate amount of protein that should be found in a normal random urine sample?

What is the term for the condition where glucose levels in the urine exceed the normal trace amounts?

What is the approximate renal threshold for glucose, above which the kidneys can no longer absorb all the glucose, causing it to 'spill' into the urine?

What does the specific gravity of urine measure?

What is the typical specific gravity range for a normal urine sample?

What is the term for the condition characterized by the production of consistently dilute urine with a specific gravity less than 1.015?

Disorders such as acute nephritis and diabetes mellitus can lead to which condition, characterized by consistently concentrated urine with a specific gravity greater than 1.030?

What is the correct pathway for urine once it leaves the collecting ducts?

As blood passes through the glomerulus, what percentage of the plasma filters through the small spaces between the cells?

What is the name of the tube that is continuous with each nephron, but not technically part of it, and collects filtrate from several nephrons for final modification?

Which arteries branch to form the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli?

What critical processes take place within the peritubular capillaries?

What term describes the location of the kidneys, which lie on either side of the spine between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall?

In which major region of the kidney are most nephrons located?

As the funnel-shaped renal pelvis extends out of the hilum, it narrows to become which structure?

The involuntary internal urinary sphincter is composed of what type of muscle tissue?

What is the best explanation provided in the text for the greater incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women?

What percentage of the filtrate from the glomerulus will be reabsorbed in the renal tubules?

According to the post-laboratory questions, what is the correct number of major renal calyces in a kidney?

What is the name of the specialized portion of the distal tubule that returns to its glomerulus of origin, as seen in the histology figure caption?

What is the correct order of structures in the urinary tubule, starting from the renal corpuscle and ending at the renal papilla?