The Respiratory System

What are the three primary functions of the respiratory system as described in the text?

Functionally, the respiratory system is divided into which two zones?

What is the anatomical term for the tip of the nose?

The nasal septum, which divides the nasal cavity, is formed posteriorly by which two bony structures?

Which of the three regions of the pharynx serves only as an airway?

The laryngeal prominence, commonly known as the 'Adam's apple,' is a feature of which laryngeal cartilage?

The epiglottis, a flexible cartilage covering the opening of the trachea, is composed of which type of cartilage?

The C-shaped tracheal cartilages that keep the trachea open are composed of what type of material?

How many lobes does the right lung consist of?

What is the term for the indentation on the surface of the left lung that provides space for the heart?

Which layer of the pleurae is superficial to the lungs and extends into and lines the lung fissures?

What is the primary function of Type II alveolar cells?

What is the term for the pressure of the air within the lungs, which changes during the different phases of breathing?

During normal, quiet inspiration, which two muscle groups are primarily used?

According to the text, is the process of normal expiration considered active or passive?

What is the term for the volume of air drawn into and then expired from the lungs during a single normal respiratory cycle?

Vital Capacity (VC) is defined as the sum of which three respiratory volumes?

For adults, what is the normal respiratory rate in breaths per minute?

The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center, which is located within which part of the brain?

What does the text identify as the major factor that surprisingly stimulates the medulla and pons to produce changes in respiration?

What is the medical term for difficulty in breathing?

Quiet breathing that occurs at rest without cognitive thought is also known by what term?

After the main bronchi divide inside the lungs, what is the next level of division in the bronchial tree?

The respiratory epithelium that lines the nasal cavity, conchae, and trachea is composed of what specific type of tissue?

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is calculated as the sum of which two lung volumes?

What is the value of atmospheric pressure at sea level, expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)?

What are the three bony projections on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity called, which serve to increase surface area and disrupt airflow?

The auditory (eustachian) tubes, which can be a pathway for ear infections during a cold, connect the middle ear cavities to which region of the pharynx?

Which paired cartilages of the larynx attach to the posterior end of the vocal cords and move to alter the pitch of the voice?

Approximately how many stacked, C-shaped tracheal cartilages compose the trachea?

In the right lung, which fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe?

The respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs, begins where the terminal bronchioles join which structure?

What is the function of the alveolar pores found connecting adjacent alveoli?

Which type of alveolar cells constitute up to 97 percent of the alveolar surface area and are highly permeable to gases?

During forced inspiration, which accessory muscles in the neck contract to help lift the thoracic wall and increase lung volume?

What is the name for the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs following a normal, quiet expiration?

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is calculated by summing which two lung volumes?

What is the normal respiratory rate for a child under one year of age?

In addition to the brain and brainstem, peripheral chemoreceptors that sense changes in blood chemistry are located in which blood vessels?

Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in respiratory activity when blood oxygen levels drop to what approximate level or less?

Which structure of the external nose is located between the eyebrows?

The glottis, which is critical for voice production, is composed of the true vocal cords, the vestibular folds, and what other component?

The primary bronchi, along with blood vessels and nerves, enter the lungs at a concave region known as the what?

What structural component found in the walls of bronchi is absent in the walls of bronchioles?

What is another name for forced breathing, a mode that can occur during exercise or actions requiring active manipulation of breathing?

What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a full, maximal expiration and cannot be measured by simple spirometry?

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) represents all the air it is possible for the lungs to contain and is the sum of which four lung volumes?

An increase in hydrogen ions in the brain, often due to high CO2 levels, triggers which specific receptors to stimulate the respiratory centers?

As described in the 'Motivation' section, emphysema, a component of COPD, develops when there is damage to the walls between many of which lung structures?

What does the 'Motivation' section identify as the leading cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?