The Cardiovascular System: Blood

What is the primary function of blood in the body?

What is the normal average pH of blood in a healthy person?

Which component is the most abundant plasma protein and is a significant contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood?

What is the name of the process by which the body replaces formed elements of blood, and where does most of it occur following birth?

Which hemopoietic growth factor is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels to prompt the production of erythrocytes?

What is the approximate lifespan of an erythrocyte in circulation?

In the lifecycle of an erythrocyte, what happens to the non-iron portion of the heme group after the erythrocyte is degraded?

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder caused by the production of an abnormal type of which molecule?

According to the chapter, what is the most common type of leukocyte, normally comprising 50 to 70 percent of the total leukocyte count?

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

Which condition is characterized by an insufficient number of platelets, potentially leading to improper blood clotting and excessive bleeding?

What are the three steps of hemostasis in the correct order?

In the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways merge to form the common pathway, which begins with the activation of which clotting factor?

What process is characterized by antibodies attaching to antigens on the plasma membranes of infused erythrocytes, causing them to form clumps?

An individual with type AB blood has which antigens on their erythrocytes and which antibodies in their plasma?

What is the normal hematocrit value range for females?

The buffy coat, a thin layer in a centrifuged blood sample, is composed of what?

Adult males typically average about how many liters of blood?

Globulins, the second most common plasma proteins, make up approximately what percentage of the total plasma protein volume?

All of the formed elements of blood originate from which specific type of cell?

A reticulocyte count that is abnormally high or low indicates deviations in the production rate of which cell type?

An individual erythrocyte may contain about 300 million hemoglobin molecules, allowing it to transport up to how many oxygen molecules?

Pernicious anemia, a type of vitamin-deficient anemia, is caused by poor absorption of which vitamin?

Which type of leukocyte leaves the circulation to differentiate into a macrophage?

Leukemia is a cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes. If the cancer involves the lymphoid line, what is it called?

What is the name for the process of stopping blood flow following damage to a vessel?

Which vitamin is required by the liver to produce many of the clotting factors?

Hemophilia B is a genetic disorder resulting from a deficiency in which clotting factor?

A person described as an Rh positive (Rh plus) has which antigen present on their erythrocytes?

The drug RhoGAM is administered to Rh-negative mothers to prevent which condition in a subsequent Rh-positive fetus?

An individual with which blood type is known as the universal recipient?

What is the primary role of the plasma protein fibrinogen?

All lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, arise from which type of stem cell?

How many oxygen molecules can a single molecule of hemoglobin transport?

What waste product, formed from the degradation of the non-iron portion of heme, gives stool its characteristic brown color?

A high count of which leukocyte is typically associated with allergies and parasitic worm infestations?

The process where leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues is known as what?

Platelets are fragments of the cytoplasm of which large cell type found in bone marrow?

During coagulation, which enzyme converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands?

An individual with type O negative blood is often called the universal donor because their erythrocytes lack which antigens?

Plasma, the liquid component of blood, constitutes what approximate percentage of a blood sample in a healthy male?

What is the clinical level range for albumin, the most abundant plasma protein, in grams per deciliter (g/dL) of blood?

Extramedullary hemopoiesis refers to the formation of formed elements in which locations in an adult?

What is the approximate diameter of a typical erythrocyte?

Normal pulse oximeter readings, which measure hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, typically range from what?

Which two trace minerals are components of plasma proteins hephaestin and ceruloplasmin, and are essential for proper iron absorption and transport?

What is the role of the trace mineral copper in the context of hemoglobin production?

What is the term for the movement of leukocytes out of capillaries into surrounding tissues, a process in which they squeeze through adjacent cells in the vessel wall?

Which of the granular leukocytes is the least common, typically comprising less than one percent of the total leukocyte count, and releases histamines and heparin?

What is the name for the quicker-responding coagulation pathway that is normally triggered by tissue damage from a traumatic injury?