The Cellular Level of Organization

What term describes a molecule, such as a phospholipid in the cell membrane, that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region?

What is the primary function of integral proteins known as receptors in the cell membrane?

Which method of transport across the cell membrane requires the expenditure of cellular energy from ATP?

In a single cycle, how many sodium and potassium ions does the sodium-potassium pump move across the cell membrane for each ATP molecule used?

What is the name for the process of a cell ingesting large particles, often referred to as 'cell eating'?

Which set of three organelles together form the endomembrane system within the cell?

What is the primary job of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

What is the name of the process by which a cell digests its own unneeded or damaged structures using lysosomes?

Which organelle, known as the 'energy transformer' of the cell, is responsible for converting nutrient molecules into ATP?

What is the term for the damage to cellular components caused by highly reactive products of cellular processes like peroxides and free radicals?

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the thickest, maintains cell shape, and forms the core of cilia and flagella?

What is the function of the nucleolus, the dark-staining mass visible within the nucleus?

What is the name of the single, wrapped DNA-histone complex that appears like a bead on the 'string' of a chromatin thread?

Which enzyme is responsible for adding new free nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during the elongation stage of DNA replication?

What is the term for a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein?

During the process of transcription, what base is used in the mRNA strand to pair with adenine on the DNA template strand?

What is the name for the process that removes non-coding regions from a pre-mRNA transcript before it leaves the nucleus?

What is the name of the three-base sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon?

During which phase of the cell cycle does a cell replicate its DNA?

What is the term for a cell that has temporarily or permanently stopped dividing and is in a resting phase of the cell cycle?

After DNA replication, a human cell contains two copies of each of its 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids are present in the cell at this stage?

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up along a linear plane in the middle of the cell?

What is the name of the contractile band made of microfilaments that forms around the midline of a cell to squeeze it in half during cytokinesis?

Which category of stem cell has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an organism?

What is the primary mechanism by which genes in a cell are turned 'on' or 'off' to drive the process of differentiation?

Which component of the cell membrane contributes to its fluidity and is interspersed among the back-to-back phospholipids?

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what will happen to the cell due to osmosis?

The 'self-destruct' mechanism in damaged or unhealthy cells, where lysosomes are triggered to release their digestive enzymes into the cytoplasm, is called what?

Which type of cytoskeletal filament is composed of the protein actin and is a major component of muscle tissue?

DNA replication is described as 'semiconservative' for what reason?

What is the name for the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide, from an mRNA transcript?

What type of RNA, together with proteins, composes the structure of the ribosome?

According to Section 3.5, what is the approximate duration of the S phase and G2 phase of the cell cycle, respectively?

What is the structure that attaches one sister chromatid to its identical copy after DNA replication?

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate from one another, forming individual chromosomes that are pulled to opposite ends of the cell?

What is the primary class of cell cycle control molecules that work together with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to determine a cell's progression past checkpoints?

Which category of stem cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its own specific cell type?

What is the specific name for the fuzzy-appearing coating around the cell, formed from glycoproteins and other carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane, which aids in cell identity and recognition?

What type of cellular transport is filtration?

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the 'self-destruct' mechanism known as autolysis?

Peroxisomes neutralize poisons such as alcohol by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, which produces what toxic byproduct that must then also be neutralized?

What is the name of the protein that forms the primary component of the thin microfilaments found in the cytoskeleton?

The nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus consists of how many adjacent lipid bilayers?

The DNA base adenine (A) always binds with which other base to form a 'rung' of the DNA ladder?

A section of three DNA bases in a row that codes for a specific amino acid is known as a:

What is the general term for a body cell, which includes all human cells except for the cells that produce eggs and sperm?

What is the final stage of mitosis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei at either end of the dividing cell?

The phenomenon where cancerous cells lose their normal cell cycle control and spread to other parts of the body, damaging tissues around them, is a result of a failure of what biological principle?

Which type of adult stem cell, found in bone marrow, gives rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?

What is the general term for a body cell that is diploid, meaning it contains two copies of each of its chromosomes?