Metabolism and Nutrition

What term describes the sum of all chemical reactions involved in catabolism and anabolism?

Approximately what percentage of energy yielded from catabolic reactions is directly transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Which hormone is released from the adrenal gland in response to stress and plays a main role in increasing blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis?

What is the condition characterized by the reduced production of cortisol from the adrenal gland, leading to symptoms like low blood pressure, paleness, and fatigue?

In the process of glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules and pyruvate molecules from one molecule of glucose?

What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

For every glucose molecule that enters aerobic respiration, what is the net total number of ATPs produced?

What is the process of synthesizing new glucose molecules from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids, which primarily occurs in the liver during periods of low glucose?

The human body's metabolic rate decreases by nearly what percentage per decade after age 30?

What is the process called where triglycerides are broken down by hydrolysis into fatty acids and glycerol, which takes place in the cytoplasm?

In what cellular location does the process of lipogenesis, the creation of lipids from acetyl CoA, take place?

Which set of biochemical reactions produces urea from ammonium ions primarily in the liver to prevent a toxic level of ammonium in the body?

Amino acids that can be processed to form pyruvate or intermediates of the Krebs cycle, like α-ketoglutarate, are referred to as what type of amino acids?

What is the metabolic state that occurs after a meal when the body is digesting food and absorbing nutrients, a period which can last for up to 4 hours?

During the postabsorptive state, which hormone is released from the pancreas in response to a drop in blood glucose concentration?

What is the primary source of fuel for the brain and other glucose-dependent organs during the initial days of starvation?

The body tightly regulates its core temperature to remain steady at around what range in degrees Celsius?

Which mechanism of heat exchange involves the transfer of heat via infrared waves between two objects with different temperatures?

What is the term for the amount of daily energy expended by humans at rest, in a neutrally temperate environment, while in the postabsorptive state?

According to the text, the accumulation of an extra 3500 calories adds how much weight to the body?

Which group of vitamins is absorbed through the intestinal tract with lipids in chylomicrons and can accumulate in the body's stored lipids?

A deficiency in which vitamin can lead to rickets, bone pain, and muscle weakness due to its role in calcium absorption?

Which mineral is the major intracellular cation and is crucial for establishing the resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers?

Hypothyroidism, characterized by fatigue and weight gain, can result from a deficiency in which trace mineral?

What are the two most common coenzymes of oxidation-reduction reactions that accept hydrogen atoms and transfer energy for ATP creation?

In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are transported into the inner mitochondrial matrix and converted into what two-carbon molecule before entering the Krebs cycle?

Which hormone, released by intestinal cells in response to chyme, stimulates the release of pancreatic lipases and bile salts for lipid digestion?

What is the primary ketone body found in the blood, which is formed as an intermediate from HMG CoA during ketogenesis?

In protein digestion, the enzyme pepsin in the stomach begins breaking proteins down into what smaller molecules?

After a meal, rising blood glucose concentrations stimulate pancreatic beta cells to release which hormone?

A Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than what value is considered to define obesity?

What is the process by which anabolic reactions combine monomers like monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids into larger polymers?

Which enzyme converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in the liver and is expressed in tissues that are active when blood glucose levels are high?

The breakdown of fatty acids, also known as fatty acid oxidation, begins in the cytoplasm and is completed in the mitochondrial matrix through what process?

Anabolic hormones are required for the synthesis of molecules. Which of the following is NOT listed as an anabolic hormone in Chapter 24.1?

The electron transport chain couples the transfer of electrons between a donor and an acceptor with the transfer of what ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What is the name of the protein pore complex embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that functions like a turbine, powered by the flow of H+ ions to create ATP?

Triglycerides, which are often used for energy via beta-oxidation, are considered the most common source of energy for which macromolecular group?

Pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin are released as inactive proenzymes to prevent self-digestion. What enzyme found in the wall of the small intestine activates trypsinogen into trypsin?

In the postabsorptive state, glucagon acts upon liver cells to stimulate the breakdown of what stored polysaccharide back into glucose?

At what ambient air temperature for a naked human is the environment said to be thermoneutral, where the body does not need to expend or release energy to maintain its core temperature?

About 70 percent of all daily energy expenditure (BMR) comes from what source?

According to the text, a deficiency in which water-soluble vitamin is associated with pernicious anemia and nerve cell damage?

Which two minerals are the most common in the body and are primarily stored in the skeleton, being necessary for the hardening of bones?

Anabolic reactions, which synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones, require energy in what form?

The final step in glycolysis produces the product pyruvate. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate enters an anaerobic pathway and can be converted into what substance?

What is the primary function of chylomicrons in lipid metabolism?

If a person's blood pH drops below 7.35 due to too little bicarbonate, what condition does this indicate?

According to the text, a genetic disorder called Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a lack of sufficient activity in the enzyme that breaks down which substance?

During which metabolic state does catabolism exceed anabolism, as the body is actively digesting food and absorbing nutrients?