Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

What is the approximate percentage of body water content in adult men and women?

Which organs in the human body have the highest proportion of water, at 80 to 85 percent of their mass?

What is the definition of the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment?

Which cation is found in high concentration within the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Which condition is caused by a decrease in the normal levels of plasma proteins, leading to a loss of water from the blood to surrounding tissues?

On a typical day, what is the average volume of aqueous fluids an adult will take in and also lose?

What are the sensory receptors in the hypothalamus that monitor the concentration of solutes in the blood and trigger the thirst response?

Which hormone, also known as vasopressin, is released from the posterior pituitary to control the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney?

What is the minimum volume of urine production required per day to maintain normal bodily functions by ridding the body of wastes?

Which of the six most important electrolytes in the body is the major cation of the extracellular fluid and responsible for one-half of the osmotic pressure gradient?

Hyperkalemia, an elevated potassium blood level, can impair the function of skeletal muscles, the nervous system, and the heart because it leads to what change in the plasma membrane of these cells?

Which electrolyte is the predominant extracellular anion and plays an important role in maintaining proper hydration and electrical neutrality?

What percentage of the body's calcium and phosphate is incorporated into bones and teeth, serving as a mineral reserve?

Which hormone's net effect is to conserve and increase water levels in the plasma by reducing the excretion of sodium from the kidneys?

What is the normal pH range of arterial blood, which is maintained by a variety of buffering systems?

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system is most efficient at buffering changes that would make the blood more acidic because bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in what ratio?

How does the renal system control the blood levels of bicarbonate to regulate acid-base balance?

What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis, a condition where the blood is too acidic due to too little bicarbonate?

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the blood is overly acidic due to an excess of carbonic acid. What is a common cause of this condition?

In the case of respiratory acidosis, how does the body's metabolic compensation mechanism work?

What proportion of the total water in the human body does the intracellular fluid (ICF) make up?

The movement of fluid between compartments is caused by hydrostatic pressure. What is the primary source of the hydrostatic pressure of blood?

What is the term for the type of water loss that occurs through evaporation from the skin and from air expelled from the lungs, of which a person is usually unaware?

What is the primary function of bicarbonate ions in the blood?

Hypercalcemia, or abnormally high calcium blood levels, is a potential symptom of which endocrine disorder?

In response to a decrease in the concentration of blood calcium, which hormone is released from the parathyroid gland?

Which buffer system accounts for two-thirds of the buffering power of the blood and most of the buffering within cells?

A patient's lab results show a pH below 7.35 and a lower-than-normal amount of bicarbonate. What condition do these results indicate?

What is the condition called when the blood is overly alkaline (pH above 7.45) due to a deficiency in carbonic acid and CO2 levels?

In the human body, what are solutes like sodium ions and chloride ions often referred to as in medicine?

Which of the following conditions can lead to hypochloremia, or lower-than-normal blood chloride levels?

What is the second most abundant anion in the blood, whose principal function is to maintain the body's acid-base balance?

PTH is released from the parathyroid gland in response to a decrease in blood calcium and acts on the intestines, bones, and kidneys. What is its effect on the kidneys?

How does the respiratory system adjust blood pH upward toward normal levels when it becomes too acidic?

What is the term for a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium, which is usually associated with excess water accumulation in the body?

What percentage of the body’s mass is water in infants?

The fluid component of the blood is called plasma. What is the other primary constituent of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

What is the primary mechanism by which water moves from one fluid compartment of the body to another, such as from plasma to interstitial fluid?

Diuresis, the production of urine in excess of normal levels, begins about how long after drinking a large quantity of fluid?

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes is unable to utilize circulating glucose, forcing their body to use fats for energy. This process can lead to an overproduction of what substances?

What is the principal protein inside of red blood cells that functions as a crucial buffer, accounting for one-third of the mass of the cell?

How does the phosphate buffer system in the blood respond when it comes into contact with a strong acid like HCl?

What is the term for abnormally elevated blood levels of CO2 that can occur in conditions that impair respiratory functions like pneumonia?

What is the primary cellular effect of hyponatremia (low blood sodium)?

What is the daily intake recommendation for potassium to maintain normal body function?

Excessive intake of antacids, alcohol withdrawal, and malnourishment can all lead to which electrolyte imbalance?

In the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system, what products are formed when carbonic acid (H2CO3) comes into contact with a strong base like NaOH?

What is the result of metabolic compensation for respiratory alkalosis?

In a patient with metabolic alkalosis, what change would be seen in their pCO2 if respiratory compensation has occurred?

Which fluid compartment has high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate, but a relatively lower concentration of protein compared to blood plasma?