Development and Inheritance

What is the process called where fluids in the female reproductive tract prepare sperm for fertilization by improving motility and thinning the sperm head's membrane?

What is the name of the outer layer of follicular cells that form around a developing oocyte and must be penetrated by sperm for fertilization to occur?

A developing human is referred to as a fetus starting from which week of gestation?

The cells of the blastocyst that form the outer shell and will eventually develop into the chorionic sac and fetal portion of the placenta are called what?

What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast after implantation, which directs the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen?

During embryogenesis, which of the three primary germ layers gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory organs, and epidermis?

What is the name of the fetal circulatory shunt that allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the immature liver and flow toward the inferior vena cava?

According to the text, a deficiency of which B vitamin in the first weeks of pregnancy can result in neural tube defects like spina bifida?

By the end of the embryonic period, at approximately 8 weeks, what is the approximate crown-to-rump length of the embryo?

During which weeks of fetal development does sexual differentiation typically begin?

Which hormone is primarily responsible for suppressing FSH and LH production, preventing ovulation during pregnancy, and inhibiting uterine contractions?

What is the longest stage of labor, which typically takes 6 to 12 hours and involves the thinning and opening of the cervix to 10 cm in diameter?

What is the term for the process where the newborn's body generates heat through the breakdown of brown adipose tissue?

The let-down reflex, which results in milk secretion from lactocytes into the alveoli, is triggered by the release of which hormone from the posterior pituitary?

What is the term for the thick, yellowish substance secreted in the first 48 to 72 hours postpartum that is rich in protein and immunoglobulins?

An individual's complete genetic makeup is referred to as their genotype, while the physical, behavioral, and biochemical characteristics that the genes express are known as their what?

What is the inheritance pattern for a genetic disorder where the disease is expressed even if only one faulty allele is present on one of the 22 non-sex chromosomes?

What is the term for an individual who is heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder, meaning they have one faulty allele but do not display symptoms?

A change in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that may or may not affect a person's phenotype is known as what?

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder characterized by having only one copy of the X chromosome. What is this condition of having only one chromosome from a pair called?

What is the name of the process that transforms early, round spermatids into the form of a true sperm by reducing cytoplasm and forming the head, mid-piece, and tail?

The development of a fetus is divided into three trimesters. How many weeks does each trimester approximately last?

During which weeks of development does the heart begin beating, although it does not yet pump embryonic blood?

What is the waxy, protective substance that coats the skin of the fetus, protects and moisturizes it, and may provide lubrication during childbirth?

During pregnancy, the maternal blood volume increases by approximately what percentage to manage the demands of fetal nourishment and waste removal?

Which stage of childbirth is marked by the delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes?

What is the primary factor that stimulates a newborn to take its first breath?

The closure of the foramen ovale after birth is a direct response to what change in the circulatory system?

What is the term for the postnatal vaginal discharge consisting of uterine lining cells, erythrocytes, and leukocytes that lasts for several weeks after childbirth?

If a couple has a child with an autosomal recessive disorder like cystic fibrosis, what must be true about the parents' genotypes?

In the case of X-linked dominant inheritance, what is the probability that an affected father will pass the disease gene to his sons?

What type of inheritance is characterized by the equal, distinct, and simultaneous expression of both parents' different alleles, such as in ABO blood type?

The first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by cell division, migration, and differentiation before implantation is complete, are referred to as which stage?

Which extra-embryonic membrane fills with amniotic fluid, surrounds the embryo, and protects it from trauma and rapid temperature changes?

What is the name of the process in the third week of development where the two-layered disc of cells transforms into a three-layered disc, establishing the primary germ layers?

In a normal pregnancy, fat storage accounts for approximately how many kilograms of maternal weight gain?

In a typical 28 day cycle, the first day of menses is considered day one. What event marks the end of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

What is the name for the weak, irregular peristaltic contractions that can be felt in late pregnancy due to decreasing levels of progesterone?

After birth, the ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. What is the primary stimulus for this constriction?

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an incorrect number of chromosomes, specifically three copies of chromosome 21. What is this condition called?

What is the name of the process in which an oocyte, upon penetration by a sperm, releases cortical granules that prevent other sperm from binding and penetrating?

The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the conceptus and contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. Which of these vessels carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the fetus?

During fetal development, which of the rudimentary duct systems is triggered to degrade by secretions from sustentacular cells in a male embryo?

What is the average duration for a full-term pregnancy from conception to birth, as stated in the text?

The Apgar score assesses the general wellbeing of a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. A total score below what number at the 5-minute mark indicates an emergency situation?

What is the name for the pattern of inheritance where a heterozygous genotype expresses a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, such as wavy hair?

In a typical IVF procedure, what is the ideal ratio of sperm to a single egg in the petri dish?

What is the term for the rapid mitotic cell divisions that the zygote undergoes on its journey to the uterus, which increases cell number without increasing the total volume of the conceptus?

The placenta is a composite organ developed from both embryonic and maternal tissues. What maternal structure develops into the maternal portion of the placenta?

In a female with an X-linked recessive disorder, what must be true of her parents?