The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Which of the three distinct tissue layers, or tunics, of arteries and veins is composed of epithelial and connective tissue layers, including the endothelium?

What are the small blood vessels contained within the walls of larger arteries and veins that provide them with nourishment and waste removal called?

Which type of artery has the thickest walls, a high percentage of elastic fibers, and is also known as a conducting artery?

Which type of capillary has extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete basement membranes, allowing for the passage of the largest molecules, including plasma proteins and even cells?

What structures are circular smooth muscle cells that surround a capillary at its origin and tightly regulate the flow of blood from a metarteriole into the capillary bed?

According to Chapter 20, what is the term for the higher value in a blood pressure reading, which reflects the arterial pressure resulting from the ejection of blood during ventricular contraction?

For an individual with a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg, what is the pulse pressure?

What is the approximate mean arterial pressure (MAP) for an individual with a blood pressure of 120/90 mm Hg?

What is the normal range for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in a healthy individual?

The sounds heard through a stethoscope while measuring blood pressure, caused by turbulent blood flow, are known as what?

What is the relationship between blood vessel radius and resistance to blood flow according to the principles derived from Poiseuille's equation?

What is the term for the force that drives fluid out of capillaries and into the tissues?

In a typical capillary bed, if the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) at the arterial end is 35 mm Hg and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) is 25 mm Hg, what is the net filtration pressure (NFP)?

Approximately how much fluid is filtered out of the capillaries each day, and how much is reabsorbed back into the capillaries?

What is the physiological term for a chronic and persistent blood pressure measurement of 140/90 mm Hg or above?

The single vessel exiting the right ventricle of the heart, which then divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries, is known as the what?

Which structure is an anastomosis at the base of the brain, formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, that ensures continual blood supply to the brain?

What are the three major arteries that branch directly from the aortic arch?

The celiac trunk, a major branch of the abdominal aorta, divides into which three arteries?

What is the most common site for drawing venous blood in humans?

The hepatic portal system delivers nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood to the liver from which organs?

What is the name of the fetal shunt that allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the pulmonary circuit?

What is the temporary blood vessel in a fetus that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, diverting most of the blood away from the nonfunctional lungs?

What percentage of the blood volume at any given time is contained within the systemic veins, which act as blood reservoirs?

Which of the following is NOT one of the five variables that influence blood flow and blood pressure?

What is the primary determinant of blood viscosity?

If an artery constricts to one-half of its original radius, how many times will the resistance to flow increase?

What is the primary role of the respiratory pump in the venous system?

What is the effect of venoconstriction on blood flow?

The baroreceptor reflex that responds to increased blood pressure and stretch in the atria is known as what?

What hormone, released by cells in the atria of the heart in response to high blood volume, promotes the loss of sodium and water from the kidneys and suppresses renin, aldosterone, and ADH?

During strenuous exercise, which organ receives a largely unchanged flow of blood because its vessels do not significantly respond to regulatory stimuli?

Vascular shock, a life-threatening condition, occurs when what happens to arterioles?

The external iliac artery is renamed to what artery as it exits the body cavity and enters the femoral region?

Which vein is described as a prominent surface vessel on the medial surface of the leg and thigh that collects blood from superficial portions of these areas?

In the fetus, what is the function of the ductus venosus?

Which blood vessel tunic is the thickest layer in arteries and consists of smooth muscle supported by connective tissue?

What is the term for the movement of fluids and solutes out of a capillary and into the interstitial fluid?

The vertebral arteries pass through the foramen magnum and join to form which large artery at the base of the medulla oblongata?

The brachial artery divides at the elbow, or bifurcates, into which two arteries?

Blood from the brain and the superficial facial vein primarily flows into which major vein?

Which type of circulatory shock is typically caused by hemorrhage, extensive burns, or severe vomiting or diarrhea?

Which arteries arise from the subclavian artery and pass through the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebrae to supply blood to the brain and spinal cord?

The popliteal artery, located posterior to the knee, branches into which two arteries?

The superior vena cava is formed by the fusion of which two large veins?

In the renal circulation, the left renal vein is longer than the right and receives blood from several other veins that the right renal vein does not. Which of the following veins drain into the left renal vein but not the right?

What is the term for the process of creating new blood vessels from existing ones, which occurs during development and throughout life as needed?

What are the precursor cells from the embryonic mesoderm that differentiate into angioblasts, which then give rise to blood vessels?

In the systemic circuit, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. What is the exception to this rule in the pulmonary circuit?

Which single branch of the abdominal aorta supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), the pancreas, and a majority of the large intestine?