Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

What is the net reaction for the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis?

In the context of glycolysis, what is the role of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?

What is the primary purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway in tissues such as bone marrow, skin, and intestinal mucosa?

Which three reactions of glycolysis are essentially irreversible in vivo and are bypassed by different enzymes in gluconeogenesis?

How many high-energy phosphate groups are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate via gluconeogenesis?

What is the consequence of a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in individuals, particularly under conditions of oxidative stress?

What is the primary mechanism by which lactose intolerance causes digestive distress in adults?

In the preparatory phase of glycolysis, what is the importance of phosphorylating glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?

What is the standard free-energy change (DG' degree) for the aldolase reaction, which cleaves fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of galactose 1-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate in mammals?

In the payoff phase of glycolysis, the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is a critical energy-conserving step. What type of compound is 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

What is the primary function of the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway in tissues that mainly require NADPH?

How do mammals, which cannot convert fatty acids to glucose, synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting?

In the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate during gluconeogenesis in eukaryotes, what is the role of the mitochondrial enzyme pyruvate carboxylase?

What is the standard free-energy change (DG' degree) for the overall process of glycolysis, converting glucose to two molecules of pyruvate?