The Foundations of Biochemistry

What are the four most abundant elements in living organisms, making up more than 99 percent of the mass of most cells?

According to the 'Cellular Foundations' section, what is the term for the entire collection of small molecules in a given cell under a specific set of conditions?

What is the upper limit of a cell's size primarily set by?

What is the term for molecules that have the same chemical bonds and formula but different fixed spatial arrangements of atoms?

A chemical reaction has a standard free-energy change (ΔG'°) of -17.1 kJ/mol. What is its equilibrium constant (K'eq)?

Which property of biomolecular interactions requires specific configurations, as exemplified by the phrase that 'a left glove does not fit a right hand'?

What is the end result of the process of feedback inhibition in a metabolic pathway?

The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated the abiotic production of what types of biomolecules under simulated prebiotic Earth conditions?

What is the defining characteristic of the 'RNA world' hypothesis?

How did eukaryotic cells likely acquire mitochondria and chloroplasts, according to the endosymbiotic theory?

If a molecule has 4 chiral centers, how many stereoisomers are possible?

What is the defining characteristic of an exergonic reaction in terms of its free-energy change (ΔG)?

In the standard biochemical convention for representing three-dimensional sugar structures with Fischer projection formulas, how are horizontal and vertical bonds oriented?

What is the function of the enzyme DNA ligase in the context of DNA cloning?

Genes found in different species that are derived from a common ancestral gene and have the same function are known as what?

What does a negative value for the change in enthalpy (ΔH) signify for a chemical reaction?

Organisms that derive their energy from the oxidation of a chemical fuel are known as what?

What is the approximate bond length of a carbon-carbon double bond, as mentioned in the section on carbon's bonding versatility?

The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotes are more closely related to which domain of life?

What is the primary thermodynamic driving force for the formation of micelles from amphipathic lipids in an aqueous solution?

What type of macromolecule constitutes the largest fraction of a cell, besides water?

The first law of thermodynamics, as it applies to biochemistry, is the principle of:

What is the key structural difference between maleic acid and fumaric acid?

The energy of the absorbed light converts 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal in the vertebrate retina. What is the approximate energy of this absorbed light per mole?

If a reaction has an equilibrium constant (K'eq) of 1.0, what is its standard free-energy change (ΔG'°)?