Biosignaling

What is the primary factor that accounts for the specificity of signal transduction, ensuring a signal molecule fits its complementary receptor and other signals do not?

How does an enzyme cascade contribute to the amplification feature of signal-transducing systems?

What is the general structure of a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR)?

In the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway, what is the direct role of the activated Gs-alpha subunit?

What event triggers the autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor (INSR)?

In the insulin signaling pathway, what is the function of the PI3K enzyme after it is activated by binding to phosphorylated IRS-1?

What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in signaling pathways?

Which type of protein domain specifically binds to phosphorylated tyrosine (P-Tyr) residues in partner proteins?

What is the typical resting membrane potential (Vm) of an animal cell?

What is the function of integrins in cellular signaling?

How do steroid hormones typically regulate gene expression?

In the visual transduction pathway, what is the immediate effect of light absorption by rhodopsin?

What is the function of the G protein transducin in the rod cell signaling cascade?

In the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the primary role of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs)?

What is the function of the tumor suppressor protein pRb (retinoblastoma protein)?

What is the effect of the drug tamoxifen in the treatment of some breast cancers?

What is the typical dissociation constant (Kd) for a hormone-ligand interaction, corresponding to very tight binding?

In olfactory neurons, what is the role of the G protein Golf?

In the human genome, approximately how many genes encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

What is apoptosis?