Infection and Infectious Diseases

Which type of leukocyte is a phagocytic cell that is recruited from the bloodstream to the site of infection and acts as a nonspecific part of the body’s first line of defense, meaning it shows up regardless of the kind of pathogen present?

What is the normal percentage range of neutrophils among all white blood cells?

What is the most common fungal infection discussed in the text, which is caused by the fungus Candida albicans and often affects young children and the immunocompromised?

What is the hallmark symptom of oral thrush as described in the section on Clinical Manifestations of the condition?

Which three antiviral medications are identified in the text as being currently available to treat influenza?

To achieve the best results, antiviral medications for treating influenza should be started within what timeframe of symptom onset?

What is the mean incubation period for Hepatitis B?

What percentage of individuals infected with Hepatitis C become chronic carriers of the virus?

Which type of hepatitis virus is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, such as from contaminated food or water?

When a patient's CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter, what is the corresponding diagnosis?

Which type of HIV test is performed when a recent exposure is suspected or an individual shows early symptoms but received a negative antibody test, and can detect the virus between 10 to 33 days after exposure?

Which of the following conditions is an example of a common opportunistic infection or cancer specifically mentioned as being seen in patients with AIDS?

What term refers to the collective efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing strategies to ensure infections are treated effectively while preventing the development of resistance?

What are the two most common diseases of antibiotic resistance encountered in clinical practice, as discussed in the chapter?

What is described as the hallmark clinical manifestation of a Clostridioides difficile infection?

What is the priority intervention for preventing the development of secondary infections in general, especially those transmitted through person-to-person contact?

According to Table 22.1 Types of Leukocytes, which type of WBC protects the body from allergies and parasitic infections?

What is the term for the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death?

What is a key characteristic of a retrovirus, such as HIV, that makes it particularly dangerous and difficult to treat?

In hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who require supplemental oxygen, which steroid medication is often prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve breathing?

What is the most common long-term symptom cluster experienced by some patients after recovering from a COVID-19 infection, also known as long COVID?

A strain of enterococci bacteria that has become resistant to treatment with a common, powerful antibiotic is referred to as what?

One of the most common secondary infections occurs after a patient takes antibiotics, which alters the number of bacteria in the large intestine and can lead to inflammation of the colon caused by which bacterium?

Which of the following are the main organs and other components of the lymphatic system?

For which type of hepatitis virus is there no available vaccine, requiring prevention to focus on strategies like avoiding the use of shared needles or razors?

What laboratory value is considered one of the main tests used to both detect and monitor the progression of an HIV infection?

HIV carries which enzyme that it uses to convert its RNA into DNA within a host cell?

What vague, general symptoms are caused by most viral infections, as listed in the chapter?

The first step in an immune response is for the body to recognize what molecule on the surface of a pathogen?

Which of the following is identified as a core element and main takeaway from the CDC's guidelines for antibiotic stewardship?

When caring for a patient with a Clostridioides difficile infection, which specific hand-hygiene regimen must be used because alcohol-based foams or gels are ineffective?

When generating solutions for a patient with influenza, which intervention would be appropriate for symptom management?

What is the primary function of a lymph node, as described in the chapter?

Which type of leukocyte is the most common, making up 40 to 60 percent of the total white blood cell count?

Which condition is a major risk factor for developing severe fungal infections like oral thrush?

What is the first-line therapy for mild, uncomplicated cases of oral thrush?

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection on the skin?

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing an infection with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)?

For patients with recurring Clostridioides difficile infections, what medical procedure that involves transferring medically processed stool from a healthy donor may be required?

What is the term for the system of vessels, cells, and organs that is responsible for carrying excess fluids to the bloodstream and filtering pathogens from the blood?

To facilitate lung expansion in patients with COVID-19, how frequently should they be repositioned?

An antigen/antibody test using blood taken from a vein can detect an HIV infection within what time frame after exposure?

When assessing a patient for hepatitis, an elevation in which laboratory values would indicate that the liver is not functioning normally?

A patient is diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls below what level?

Which component of the immune system, such as the skin and mucous membranes, is considered a barrier defense that acts instantaneously to prevent pathogenic invasion into body tissues?

What is the first and foremost medical treatment for a C. difficile infection, according to the chapter?

What is the main function of the thymus as a lymphatic organ?

Why is it crucial for individuals who are prescribed a course of antibiotics to finish the entire dose, even if they feel better?

What are the three components of the epidemiologic triad, which describes the who, what, and where of the infectious process?

What is the term for the condition where a patient who has recovered from COVID-19 continues to experience symptoms and adverse effects for months after the infection?