Shock and Sepsis

What is the definition of shock as a state of inadequate cellular perfusion?

According to the text, what is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

In which stage of shock does the body respond to hypotension with stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, while overt clinical manifestations are not yet apparent?

What is the key physiological event that characterizes the progressive stage of shock?

What is considered a characteristic vital sign finding in the refractory stage of shock?

Which of the following conditions is an example of absolute hypovolemia?

What is a potential complication of administering multiple units of cold or room-temperature blood during hemorrhagic shock treatment?

Citrate toxicity, a complication of multiple blood transfusions, is caused by citrate binding to which electrolyte in the patient's system?

What is the primary cause of septic shock?

Which criterion is part of the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) used to screen for sepsis?

A patient with suspected sepsis has a respiratory rate of 24 breaths/minute, a systolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg, and is confused. What is this patient's qSOFA score?

What laboratory value is considered the definitive test for sepsis?

A patient in septic shock has a lactate level greater than what value, which is associated with high mortality?

What are the hallmark findings of neurogenic shock?

What is the primary pathophysiological cause of hypotension in neurogenic shock?

Spinal shock is differentiated from neurogenic shock primarily by which finding?

What is the recommended first-line treatment to restore blood pressure in a patient with neurogenic shock?

What is the term for the study of the movement of blood as it flows through cells, tissues, and organs?

What is the primary purpose of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation during the compensatory stage of shock?

Which condition is a potential outcome when the inflammatory response extends beyond the area of injury throughout the body for a prolonged period, as seen in sepsis?

What is the minimum hourly urine output that reflects adequate kidney perfusion?

What is the first-line vasopressor recommended for use in septic shock according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines mentioned in the text?

A patient with a spinal cord injury above which thoracic vertebra is at high risk for developing neurogenic shock?

What term describes the intrinsic thermoregulatory failure seen in patients with neurogenic shock, leading to fluctuations between hypothermia and hyperthermia?

What is the primary intervention for preventing the development of secondary infections like sepsis, as emphasized in the text?

During the compensatory stage of shock, the body's response to decreased blood flow to the kidneys involves the release of which substance?

What is the normal cardiac output (CO) in an adult?

In a patient with septic shock, an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level is indicative of what process?

What is the primary reason for bradycardia in a patient with neurogenic shock?

The massive fluid shift from the vascular space into the interstitial space during the progressive stage of shock is also known as what?

Which type of shock is most often a result of hypovolemic and septic shock?

What is the recommended target MAP for a patient in neurogenic shock to ensure adequate perfusion?

For each hour that treatment is delayed in a patient with sepsis, what is the associated increase in mortality?

Which of the following is considered an invasive method of hemodynamic monitoring?

Which patient is identified as being at the highest risk for the development of septic shock?

What is the primary characteristic of 'warm shock' in the early stages of sepsis?

What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)?

In the context of hypovolemic shock, what type of IV fluid is Ringer's lactate?

A patient in hemorrhagic shock receives multiple blood transfusions. The nurse should be especially concerned about the development of citrate toxicity and monitor for low levels of which electrolyte?

Which stage of shock is characterized by a noticeable drop in blood pressure that stimulates baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?

What is the primary cause of relative hypovolemia?

What is the most accurate indicator of recovery from septic shock, according to the provided text?

In the progressive stage of shock, hypoperfusion of the liver results in which clinical sign?

Which drug is used to treat the bradycardia specifically associated with neurogenic shock?

A laboratory result of 'Greater than 2.0 microg/L' for which marker would support a suspicion of sepsis?

What is a key component of the 'one-hour bundle' recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign?

Which change in the progressive stage of shock is a result of impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion in the lungs?

What type of drug, such as digoxin or dobutamine, is used in neurogenic shock to increase the force of cardiac contractions?

What is the primary reason that patients who have undergone abdominal surgery or received general anesthesia are at increased risk for paralytic ileus?

A patient is in the progressive stage of shock. Which of the following vital sign changes would be expected?