11. Lymphatic and Immune Systems

How many liters of plasma are released into the interstitial space of the tissues each day due to capillary leakage?

Which structure is responsible for draining lymph fluid from the right sides of the head, thorax, and right upper limb into the right subclavian vein?

What is the term for the age-related shrinking of the thymus gland?

What is the approximate rate of tissue loss per year for the thymus gland from birth until 35 to 45 years of age?

Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ?

What is the primary function of the spleen, earning it the name 'filter of the blood'?

What are the deep grooves in tonsils called that accumulate materials and encourage pathogens to penetrate into the tonsillar tissues?

What type of Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is especially important for immune responses against ingested substances and is found in the small intestine?

What is the term for the clearance of a pathogen from the body by the adaptive immune response, which does not necessarily mean a patient is getting well?

Which of the following is an example of a barrier defense mechanism of the immune system?

What type of cell is described as a circulating precursor that differentiates into either a macrophage or a dendritic cell?

What is the primary function of a chemokine?

Which of the four characteristics of inflammation is caused by histamine increasing the permeability of local capillaries, leading to plasma leakage?

The secondary adaptive immune response, which is stronger and faster than the primary response, is the basis for what phenomenon?

Which class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta to protect the developing fetus?

Which type of T cell helps to develop and regulate other immune system cells by releasing cytokines?

What is the defining characteristic of passive immunity?

Which of the following is an example of a pathogen evading the immune system through antigenic mutation?

In the context of immune response to cancer, what is the 'Equilibrium' stage?

What is the most serious form of inherited immunodeficiency, which is caused by genetic defects impairing both B cell and T cell arms of the adaptive immune response?

According to the text, how quickly can severe allergies causing anaphylactic shock be fatal if left untreated?

Which type of hypersensitivity is responsible for the reactions seen in mismatched blood transfusions and erythroblastosis fetalis?

What is the autoantigen targeted in Graves’ disease, leading to hyperthyroidism?

What is the term for a lymphocyte that has left a primary lymphoid organ but has not yet encountered an antigen?

What is the condition called when interstitial fluid accumulates in tissue spaces due to a damaged lymphatic system?

Which chemical mediators, released from mast cells during an inflammatory response, attract neutrophils from the blood by chemotaxis?

Which of the following describes the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

What type of immunity is conferred by a vaccine?

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication that occurs in which type of transplantation procedure?

Chronic stress, unlike short-term stress, may have what effect on the immune system?

Which type of hypersensitivity is described as 'delayed hypersensitivity' and takes 24 to 72 hours to develop?

What is the term for a firm, raised, reddened patch of skin that indicates a positive tuberculin test?

The autoimmune disease Myasthenia gravis targets which autoantigen, leading to debilitating muscle weakness?

What is the primary cell of the adaptive immune response?

Which antibody class is particularly associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?

In what location do B cells undergo nearly all of their development?

The thoracic duct drains a much larger portion of the body than the right lymphatic duct and begins just beneath the diaphragm in a structure called the:

According to the text, which type of signaling involves a chemical triggering a response in the very same cell that secreted it?

What is the approximate length of the spleen?

The HIV virus causes Acquired Immunodeficiency by steadily declining the levels of which specific cells, eventually leading to a weakened immune response?

What is the term for the body's ability to distinguish between self-antigens and foreign antigens?

Which of the following conditions is a form of cancer where malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other tissues?

What are interferons?

According to the text, a major function of tonsils is to help children's bodies perform what action regarding common environmental pathogens?

What happens during the 'seroconversion' phase of an HIV infection?

Which condition is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks joint capsule antigens, leading to chronic inflammation of joints?

How many lymph nodes are estimated to be in the human body?

What is the term for the process where phagocytes are attracted to infected tissues from the bloodstream?

Which phase of the immune response is considered the body's first line of physiological defense, occurring rapidly but with less specificity than the adaptive response?

What is the primary substance that causes pain during an inflammatory response by relaxing vascular smooth muscle?