15. Urinary System

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the urinary system as described in the introduction?

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

What are the connective tissue extensions that radiate from the cortex through the medulla to separate the renal pyramids called?

What term is used for the functional units of the kidney that cleanse the blood and balance the constituents of the circulation?

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together form which structure?

How is urine propelled from the ureters into the bladder?

What is the proper term for urination or voiding that results from an interplay of involuntary and voluntary actions?

At what bladder volume is the urge to void typically first sensed?

What is the term for the volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute?

What is the average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for women, in milliliters per minute?

What is the approximate net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

The condition termed systemic edema, where water is lost from circulation to interstitial tissues, is caused by what imbalance?

What is the yellow pigment that gives urine its characteristic color, which comes from the breakdown of red blood cells?

What is the term for a minimum urine volume of about 500 mL/day needed to rid the body of wastes, where output below this level may indicate severe dehydration or renal disease?

What is the primary role of the hormone Angiotensin II?

Which hormone, often called the 'salt-retaining hormone', is released from the adrenal cortex and promotes sodium reabsorption by the nephron?

How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) promote the recovery of water and decrease urine volume?

How does alcohol act as a diuretic?

Nitrogen wastes are produced by the breakdown of proteins. The process of removing nitrogen groups from amino acids is called what?

Which nitrogenous waste is extremely toxic and is very rapidly converted into urea in the liver?

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the capillaries of the renal glomeruli, often leading to blood or protein in the urine?

Which procedure involves using a long, tube-like instrument with a camera to view the inside of the bladder and urethra?

In the vocabulary list, what is the definition of 'Nephrolithiasis'?

What is the medical term for painful urination?

What percentage of the cardiac output at rest do the kidneys receive?

Approximately how many nephrons are serviced by afferent arterioles in each kidney?

The portal system in the kidney is unique because it is the only one in which what type of vessel is found between the first and second capillary beds?

What is the approximate length of the ureters?

A healthy adult bladder can store up to how many milliliters of urine?

What percentage of the filtrate produced by the kidneys is returned to the circulation by reabsorption?

According to the vocabulary list, what is 'pyuria'?

Which genetic disorder is characterized by the growth of cysts inside the kidneys, causing them to enlarge and become damaged?

What is the normal range for daily urine volume?

The inner mucosa of the ureter is lined with transitional epithelium and what type of cells that secrete protective mucus?

Which three structures servicing the kidneys are arranged in an anterior-to-posterior order at the renal hilum?

What does the term 'retroperitoneal' mean in reference to the kidneys and ureters?

What is the medical term for the absence of urine production?

In diabetes insipidus, what causes excessive urine production (polyuria)?

Which commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive diuretic is mentioned in the text?

Which structure in the male urinary system is NOT found in the female urinary system?

What is the name of the triangular-shaped area at the base of the bladder formed by the two ureteral openings and the urethral opening?

The breakdown of which substance is primarily responsible for the odor of ammonia sometimes detected in old urine?

Which diagnostic procedure is described as the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine?

What is the term for a treatment that removes waste products from the blood when the kidneys are not fully functioning?

In the micturition reflex, parasympathetic neural outflow causes which two actions?

What is the medical term for the presence of blood in the urine?

The condition where weakened pelvic muscles cause the bladder to drop from its normal position is known as what?

The final step in Vitamin D synthesis, converting calcidiol to calcitriol, is performed by which organ?

What does a sensitivity test, generated after a urine culture finds harmful bacteria, indicate?

Diabetic nephropathy is caused by high blood sugar leading to high blood pressure, which in turn causes destruction of what structures in the kidney?