14. Endocrine System

Which hormone, produced by the adrenal medulla, is considered more powerful and is produced in a ratio of approximately 4 to 1 compared to norepinephrine?

According to Table 14.1, what is the primary difference in the 'Distance traveled' for signals between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

What type of chemical signaling occurs when a chemical triggers a response in the very same cell that secreted it, such as Interleukin-1 in inflammation?

What is the term for the process where the presence of a significant level of a hormone causes its target cells to decrease their number of receptors, making them less reactive?

The release of oxytocin during childbirth, where uterine contractions lead to more oxytocin release and stronger contractions, is an example of what type of regulatory mechanism?

Which network of capillaries connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, allowing hypothalamic hormones to be transported without first entering systemic circulation?

What disorder in children is caused by the secretion of abnormally large amounts of growth hormone (GH), resulting in excessive growth?

Which nuclei in the hypothalamus are responsible for producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A disease called diabetes insipidus is characterized by chronic underproduction of which hormone?

Prolactin (PRL) secretion is normally inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is actually what neurotransmitter?

What is the essential and unique component required for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4?

What is the name of the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which is characterized as the short-term stress or fight-or-flight response?

Which hormone, known as a glucocorticoid, has an overall effect of inhibiting tissue building while stimulating the breakdown of stored nutrients to maintain fuel supplies during long-term stress?

What percentage of pancreatic islet cells do alpha cells, which produce glucagon, approximately constitute?

Which hormone, produced by the male testes, inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland?

Which condition is characterized by high blood glucose levels and the accumulation of lipid deposits on the face and neck, caused by the hypersecretion of cortisol?

What is the term for the interaction where two hormones with similar effects produce an amplified response, such as FSH and estrogens working together for the maturation of female egg cells?

Which class of hormones, derived from lipids like cholesterol, are not soluble in water and must travel to their target cell bound to a transport protein?

How long may it take for target cells to respond to certain reproductive hormones, in contrast to the rapid, seconds-long response prompted by epinephrine?

Of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, which group is collectively referred to as tropic hormones because they 'turn on' or 'turn off' the function of other endocrine glands?

What is the 'diabetogenic effect' of Growth Hormone (GH)?

Which hormone from the placenta promotes progesterone synthesis and reduces the mother’s immune function to protect the fetus from immune rejection?

The adrenal cortex consists of three structurally distinct regions. Which is the most superficial region that produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?

ACE inhibitors are drugs that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus mitigating its ability to increase blood pressure. What does ACE stand for?

Which cell type in the pancreatic islets is responsible for producing the hormone insulin and makes up approximately 75 percent of each islet?

Hirsutism, a symptom of excessive hair growth in women, is typically caused by an excessive production of which class of hormones?

According to the text, the pancreas has both endocrine and nonendocrine functions, making it what kind of gland?

Which hormone's secretion varies according to the level of light received from the environment, promoting wakefulness when its levels fall and drowsiness when they rise?

What type of diabetes occurs during pregnancy in women who do not have a prior history of diabetes and generally resolves after the child is born?

The hormone calcitonin is produced by which cells within the thyroid gland?

Which hormone released from the anterior pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol?

Which of the gonadotropins triggers ovulation in women and stimulates the production of testosterone by the male testes?

Which hormone from the posterior pituitary stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and is also necessary for the milk ejection reflex?

What is the primary function of the hormone aldosterone, which is the major mineralocorticoid from the adrenal cortex?

In the antagonistic effect between two pancreatic hormones, insulin decreases blood glucose, whereas glucagon has what opposing effect?

The posterior pituitary gland does not produce hormones. Instead, it serves to store and secrete hormones that are produced in what other structure?

What are the primary hormones produced by the ovaries?

Graves' disease is a disorder of the thyroid gland that results in what condition?

What hormone, released by the parathyroid glands, is the major hormone involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels?

According to the text, the heart, kidneys, and stomach are examples of organs that have a primary function but also contain cells with what secondary function?

Which part of the pancreas contains the endocrine cells, such as alpha and beta cells?

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is formed by the cleavage of what precursor protein?

Which hormone is produced by the delta cells of the pancreatic islets and functions as an inhibiting hormone, inhibiting the release of both glucagon and insulin?

A rare disorder that causes low blood glucose levels and low blood sodium levels, with vague symptoms such as general weakness and cravings for salty food, is known as what?

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the enzyme renin catalyzes the conversion of the blood protein angiotensinogen into what hormone?

What is the name for the tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, which produce PTH?

The hormone ADH is also known by what other name, because in very high concentrations it causes constriction of blood vessels?

Dysfunction of the endocrine system's control of growth can result in acromegaly in adults. What is this disorder?

What is the most common method of hormone regulation, characterized by the inhibition of further secretion of a hormone in response to adequate levels of that hormone?

Which chemical class do hormones such as testosterone, estrogens, aldosterone, and cortisol belong to?