Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology

Which model of abnormality integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and asserts that each cause affects other causes over time?

Within the biological model of abnormality, what is the fundamental unit of the nervous system, also known as a nerve cell?

According to the description of neural transmission, what is the electrical charge inside a neuron when it is in its resting potential state?

Which neurotransmitter is described as regulating pain, sleep cycle, and digestion, with low levels leading to depression?

In the context of the biological model, infections with Group A Streptococcus bacteria have been suggested to lead to the development of which disorder in children?

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, which part of the personality emerges after birth and operates on the 'reality principle' to mediate between the id and the superego?

Which of Freud's psychosexual stages of development lasts from age 6 to 12, during which children lose interest in sexual behavior and play mostly with same-sex peers?

When an individual finds a socially acceptable way to express a desire, such as a person who desires to cut things becoming a surgeon, which ego-defense mechanism are they employing?

In the behavioral model, what term describes the reversal of previous learning, as demonstrated in Mary Cover Jones's 1924 study of unlearning fears in a child?

What type of operant conditioning contingency occurs when something good is taken away or subtracted to make a behavior less likely to occur in the future?

In Albert Bandura's observational learning experiment, what was the name of the doll that children observed an adult model interacting with either aggressively or gently?

What is the cognitive error where an individual automatically assumes a personal or dispositional reason for another person's actions while ignoring potential situational factors?

According to the humanistic perspective of Carl Rogers, what are the standards that people feel they must meet to be loved and respected by significant others called?

The sociocultural model suggests that environmental factors play a role in mental illness. For which disorder does the text state that rates are just 1 percent for those living in Florida but 9 percent for Alaskans?

Which part of the peripheral nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles?

What is the white, fatty covering on a neuron's axon that provides insulation and increases the speed at which signals are transmitted?

The principle stating that a neuron either reaches its threshold and fires completely, or it does not fire at all, is known as what?

Which brain structure is referred to as the 'gateway to memory' and helps form new memories about facts and events?

The biological model identifies hormonal imbalances as a potential cause of mental illness. Elevated levels of which hormone, released by the adrenal glands to deal with stress, can lead to problems like increased weight gain and risk of depression?

What type of biological treatments are categorized as SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers like Lithium?

In Freudian theory, what is the term for becoming 'stuck' at a particular psychosexual stage, which can affect later development and potentially lead to psychopathology?

Which ego-defense mechanism involves offering well-thought-out, but not real, reasons for our behavior, such as a student blaming their poor grade on an uninteresting subject?

In the context of Freudian dream analysis, what is the term for the hidden or symbolic meaning of a dream's content?

What type of learning occurs when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment, such as a fan running on a laptop?

In respondent conditioning, what do we call a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, such as the food that makes a dog salivate?

What type of reinforcement schedule is being used when a behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses, such as a student receiving a point for every twenty problems they get correct?

The cognitive model states that irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. What is the maladaptive cognition that involves viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms?

Which psychological perspective emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, emphasizing human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, and valuing feelings over intellect?

According to the sociocultural model, which gender experiences higher rates of eating disorders and is four times more likely to have SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)?

What is the primary criticism of the humanistic and existential perspectives mentioned in the evaluation section?

In the central nervous system, which lobe of the cerebrum contains the auditory cortex and is involved in memory, perception, and emotion?

What is the name of the period after a neuron fires when it cannot fire again, no matter how much stimulation it receives?

According to the biological model, research has discovered shared genetic roots for several disorders, including autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia, at how many chromosomal sites?

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, the Oedipus complex, which involves a son falling in love with his mother and fearing his father, develops during which psychosexual stage?

What type of reinforcers or punishers, such as food, water, and temperature, have their effect without having to be learned?

In the cognitive model, what therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to uncover and change unhealthy patterns of thought?

What is the key difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in how they coordinate and integrate bodily functions?

According to the description of culture-sensitive therapies in the sociocultural model, what is one of the key goals of this approach?

What is the term for the process of changing behavior, which is a key application of the behavioral perspective in treating maladaptive behaviors?

The evaluation of the biological model notes that it suffers from a few key issues. What is one of the main issues mentioned?

In respondent conditioning, when a fear of one stimulus, like a dog, becomes generalized to other similar stimuli, such as all animals, this process is known as what?

What type of psychological therapy, used to treat phobias, teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli by pairing relaxation with a fear hierarchy?

The existential perspective, as a psychological model, stresses several key concepts. Which of the following is NOT a focus of the existential perspective?

What is the name for the chemical form of a neural impulse that passes from one neuron to another across the synapse?

Which of Freud's ego-defense mechanisms is characterized by a person moving from a mature behavior to one that is infantile?

In operant conditioning, taking Tylenol to make a headache go away is used as an example of what?

What lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for receiving and processing visual information?

The evaluation of Freud's psychodynamic theory lists several criticisms. Which of the following is NOT a criticism mentioned in the text?

In the behavioral model, learning by doing is referred to as enactive learning. What is the term for learning by simply watching others?

According to the sociocultural model, therapists can use culture-sensitive therapies to address the unique factors affecting racial and ethnic minorities. What is one of the three goals of these therapies mentioned in the text?