New Directions

Which work is cited as an example of the renewed interest in smaller, more heterogeneous instrumental groups, specifically scored for reciter, flute/piccolo, violin/viola, clarinet/bass clarinet, violoncello, and piano?

In which 1923 piece did Henry Cowell instruct the pianist to silently depress keys and then strum and pluck the strings in a manner inspired by a wind harp?

What term describes John Cage's technique, used in works from the 1930s like Sonatas and Interludes, which involved placing objects such as screws, bolts, and felt on piano strings?

Edgard Varèse’s 1931 landmark work Ionisation calls for how many musicians to play a total of 37 percussion instruments?

Krzysztof Penderecki's Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima divides the string orchestra into how many individual parts?

What term is used to describe the canonic relationships between voices that create the complex, clusterlike surface of György Ligeti's early orchestral works, such as Atmosphères?

What term, led by composer Gunther Schuller after World War II, describes the movement that blended elements of jazz and serious contemporary music?

What term, also known as aleatory, refers to music in which elements of a composition have been intentionally left undetermined by the composer?

The title of John Cage's 1952 piece 4'33" is derived from what aspect of its first performance?

Cage's Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (1951) is a model of precise notation for how many radios, operated by 24 performers and a conductor?

Minimalism is characterized by a return to tonal elements, restricted pitch materials, static harmony, and rhythmic elements inspired by what musical tradition?

Terry Riley’s minimalist work In C (1964) consists of how many melodic figures that are to be played in order and in tempo?

What concept, first introduced by Steve Reich in tape pieces like It's Gonna Rain (1965) and Come Out (1966), is described as a logical extension of aleatoric procedures?

Steve Reich's approach, where the musical processes determine both note-to-note details and the overall form simultaneously, is commonly referred to as what?

Which composer, known for introducing more traditional rhythmic procedures into minimalist techniques, composed the joyfully exuberant piece Short Ride in a Fast Machine in 1986?

Pierre Schaeffer called his approach of working directly with recorded sounds, such as in his 1948 study Étude aux chemins de fer, by what name?

In early electronic music, what type of wave is described as a clarinetlike tone that contains only odd-numbered harmonics?

What is the standard frequency in Hertz (Hz) for the pitch A4, as used for tuning in the United States?

Which composer brought the Studio for Electronic Music of the West German Radio in Cologne into prominence with works like Gesang der Jünglinge and Kontakte?

Edgard Varèse’s Poème électronique was created for performance in the Philips Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair and was projected over how many loudspeakers?

Milton Babbitt's interest in total serialization found expression in works like Composition for Synthesizer (1961), created with which second-generation synthesizer?

What is the title of Mario Davidovsky's series of compositions (1963–92) for various solo instruments and tape, which have become part of the standard contemporary recital literature?

Which popular 1968 album, a set of electronic realizations of J.S. Bach's works, was created by Wendy Carlos using the Moog synthesizer?

The first substantial computer music composition, the Illiac Suite (1957), was a string quartet created by Lejaren Hiller and who else?

What term describes the music of Iannis Xenakis, in which musical parameters like pitch, intensity, and duration are determined by the laws of probability theory?

Which composer, working at Stanford University’s CCRMA, is credited with the discovery of the FM synthesis technique?

Pierre Boulez’s Répons (1981) is cited as one of the most important early works to come out of which Paris-based research institute?

What term did Tod Machover coin at MIT’s Media Lab to refer to his use of computers to augment musical expression and creativity, as seen in his work for hypercello?

Paul Lansky's "chatter" series, including pieces like Idle Chatter (1985), all feature the sampled voice of whom?

What term is used to describe the complex, computer-generated compositions of Paul Lansky, which have an underlying tonal basis and seem to have roots in the minimalist traditions of the 1960s and 1970s?

What technology, introduced in the 1980s, was originally designed to allow the keyboard of one synthesizer to drive the tone generator of another?

For CD-quality audio, how many times per second is an analog signal's waveform read by an analog-to-digital converter during the sampling process?

What type of sound, produced by a generator of the same name, consists of frequency components equally distributed across the audible spectrum and is described as a "hissing" sound?

In addition to playing the keyboard and inside the piano, George Crumb's Makrokosmos also calls for the performer to do what?

The score for Penderecki's Threnody is an example of a notational style indicating approximate durations through the spacing of events and timings given in seconds. What is this style called?

The use of extended vocal techniques can be traced back to Schoenberg's use of what technique, a cross between singing and dramatic declamation, in Pierrot lunaire?

Michael Daugherty's Dead Elvis (1993) features a bassoon soloist dressed as an Elvis impersonator and is scored for the same instrumentation as which Stravinsky work?

In Terry Riley's In C, the steady pulse around which the music is organized is maintained by a pianist playing steady eighth notes on what part of the piano?

Steve Reich's Piano Phase (1967) is an instrumental work consisting of 32 musical figures played by either two pianos or what other pair of instruments?

Which of the following is NOT one of the five broad categories of tape modification mentioned in the text?

Luciano Berio's work Visage (1961) is a collage of emotional utterances and electronic sounds organized around a single intelligible Italian word. What is that word?

The origin of computer music can be traced to the work of Max Mathews at which research facility in the late 1950s?

For which type of ensemble did George Crumb compose his 1970 work Black Angels, which explores extended techniques and requires players to chant and play percussion?

What system of tuning, explored by composers like Harry Partch, represents intervals using whole-number ratios?

Unlike Steve Reich's phasing, Philip Glass's minimalist technique focuses on the repetition of a pattern that, after long durations, does what?

The Theremin and the Ondes Martenot, two of the earliest practical electronic instruments developed in the 1920s, both made use of what component as a tone generator?

The composition of Stockhausen's Elektronische Studie II (1954) was based entirely on what type of tones?

On modular analog synthesizers from the 1960s, how did the composer connect the various voltage-controlled modules to create an "instrument"?

What software application, used with MIDI technology, allows a composer to store and easily change sequences of MIDI data such as note, velocity, and tempo, rather than the sounds themselves?

Tod Machover's highly futuristic operatic work Brain Opera (1996) is based on a book titled Society of Mind by which cognitive scientist?