The Portfolio Perspective and Process5 min
The portfolio perspective emphasizes evaluating investments based on their contribution to the whole portfolio rather than in isolation. Diversification reduces unsystematic risk. The diversification ratio measures this effect. The management process involves Planning (IPS creation), Execution (asset allocation and security selection), and Feedback (rebalancing and reporting).

Key Points

  • Portfolio perspective reduces risk per unit of return.
  • Diversification ratio < 1 indicates risk reduction.
  • Step 1: Planning (IPS creation).
  • Step 2: Execution (Asset allocation and portfolio construction).
  • Step 3: Feedback (Monitoring and rebalancing).
Investor Types and Characteristics5 min
Different investors have unique risk tolerances, time horizons, and liquidity needs. For instance, endowments often have long horizons and high risk tolerance, whereas banks require high liquidity and low risk. Pension plans differ significantly based on whether they are defined benefit (employer risk) or defined contribution (employee risk).

Key Points

  • Defined Contribution (DC): Employee bears risk.
  • Defined Benefit (DB): Employer bears risk; long horizon.
  • Endowments/Foundations: Perpetual horizons, high risk tolerance.
  • Banks: Short horizon, high liquidity need.
  • Insurance: Liquidity needed for claims; life insurers have longer horizons than P&C.
Pooled Investments and Asset Management5 min
The asset management industry offers various vehicles. Mutual funds (open-end vs. closed-end) allow small investors to diversify. ETFs offer intraday trading. Hedge funds and private equity cater to wealthier investors with higher risk tolerances and longer lock-up periods. The industry sees a trend toward passive management and robo-advisory services.

Key Points

  • Open-end funds: Trade at NAV, daily liquidity.
  • Closed-end funds: Fixed shares, trade on exchange, premium/discount to NAV.
  • ETFs: Intraday trading, tax efficient.
  • Hedge Funds: Low regulation, accredited investors only.
  • Active vs. Passive management trends.

Questions

Question 1

The portfolio perspective on investing implies that an investment should be evaluated primarily based on its:

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Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of diversification on a portfolio?

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Question 3

The diversification ratio is calculated as the ratio of:

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Question 4

Calculate the diversification ratio for a portfolio of 20 stocks if the average standard deviation of returns for the stocks is 30 percent and the standard deviation of the equally weighted portfolio is 21 percent.

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Question 5

If the diversification ratio of a portfolio is 1.0, this implies that:

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Question 6

Portfolio diversification is least effective during:

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Question 7

Which of the following is the first step in the portfolio management process?

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Question 8

The Investment Policy Statement (IPS) is primarily created during which stage of portfolio management?

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Question 9

In the execution step of portfolio management, top-down analysis typically begins with:

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Question 10

Which activity occurs during the feedback step of the portfolio management process?

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Question 11

Which of the following investors is most likely to have a long investment horizon and high risk tolerance?

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Question 12

The investment objective of a bank is primarily to:

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Question 13

Which type of insurance company typically has a longer investment horizon?

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Question 14

In a defined contribution pension plan, the investment risk is borne by the:

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Question 15

A defined benefit pension plan promises to pay a retiree:

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Question 16

Sovereign wealth funds are investment pools owned by:

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Question 17

Buy-side firms in the asset management industry are defined as those that:

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Question 18

Active management attempts to:

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Question 19

What is 'smart beta'?

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Question 20

Robo-advisors primarily offer:

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Question 21

Net Asset Value (NAV) of a mutual fund share is calculated as:

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Question 22

An open-end mutual fund:

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Question 23

Which of the following mutual fund types charges a fee for purchasing shares?

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Question 24

Closed-end funds differ from open-end funds in that closed-end funds:

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Question 25

Money market funds primarily invest in:

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Question 26

Compared to passively managed funds, actively managed mutual funds generally have:

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Question 27

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are most similar to closed-end funds in that they:

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Question 28

Which of the following is a potential tax advantage of ETFs over open-end mutual funds?

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Question 29

A separately managed account (SMA) differs from a mutual fund because:

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Question 30

Hedge funds are typically characterized by:

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Question 31

Private equity funds primarily invest in:

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Question 32

Venture capital funds are a subcategory of private equity that focuses on:

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Question 33

Buyout funds typically generate returns by:

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Question 34

If the average standard deviation of 10 stocks is 25 percent and the standard deviation of the portfolio holding these 10 stocks is 20 percent, what is the diversification ratio?

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Question 35

Top-down security analysis usually starts with:

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Question 36

Which investor type is characterized by a long time horizon, high risk tolerance, and low liquidity needs, specifically to fund a university?

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Question 37

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are typically included in which asset class category?

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Question 38

Which of the following describes a key trend in the asset management industry?

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Question 39

A 'multi-boutique' asset management firm is best described as:

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Question 40

If a mutual fund's assets are valued at 100 million USD and it has 5 million shares outstanding, what is its Net Asset Value (NAV) per share?

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Question 41

Which of the following is a characteristic of passively managed index funds?

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Question 42

Typically, which of the following funds would have the highest risk tolerance?

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Question 43

Which statement about insurance companies is accurate?

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Question 44

A 'no-load' fund refers to a mutual fund that:

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Question 45

Which pooled investment vehicle trades at intraday prices?

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Question 46

Which of the following best describes 'sell-side' firms?

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Question 47

The Investment Policy Statement (IPS) should be updated:

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Question 48

Which mutual fund type aims to maintain a stable Net Asset Value (NAV), typically one currency unit?

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Question 49

Hedge funds generally have:

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Question 50

A 'robo-advisor' is most likely to appeal to:

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