Conceptual Overview and Definitions5 min
This section establishes the terminology used in tax analysis. Financial reporting aims to show economic performance, while tax reporting determines legal tax liability. This divergence leads to two different income figures: Accounting Profit (Pretax Income) and Taxable Income. The 'Income Tax Expense' reported on the Income Statement is an aggregate of the current tax liability (Taxes Payable) and the deferred tax provision (the shift in Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities). The relationship is summarized as: Income Tax Expense equals Taxes Payable plus the increase in Net Deferred Tax Liabilities (or minus the increase in Net Deferred Tax Assets).

Key Points

  • Taxable Income vs. Accounting Profit.
  • Income Tax Expense = Taxes Payable + Change in DTL - Change in DTA.
  • Tax Base definition.
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities6 min
Deferred taxes arise from temporary timing differences. A Deferred Tax Liability (DTL) indicates that the firm will pay more taxes in the future because it is paying less now relative to its accounting profit (e.g., due to accelerated tax depreciation). Conversely, a Deferred Tax Asset (DTA) represents future tax deductions, resulting from paying more tax now relative to accounting profit (e.g., unearned revenue taxed upon receipt). The text provides specific rules for Asset/Liability Carrying Values versus Tax Bases to determine whether a DTA or DTL is created.

Key Points

  • DTL created when Expenses tax deductible before I/S recognition.
  • DTA created when Revenues taxable before I/S recognition.
  • Calculation of DTA/DTL based on Tax Rate multiplied by Temporary Difference.
Measurement, Allowances, and Disclosures5 min
Deferred tax items must be re-measured if statutory tax rates change. An increase in tax rates increases the value of both DTAs and DTLs. The 'Valuation Allowance' is a critical concept for analysts; it is a reserve against DTAs that are unlikely to be realized. Changes in this allowance can be used to manage reported earnings. Regarding presentation, IFRS requires netting DTA/DTL as non-current, while the provided US GAAP text links classification to the underlying asset. Analysts should also distinguish between temporary differences (which drive deferred taxes) and permanent differences (which drive the effective tax rate).

Key Points

  • Impact of tax rate changes on DTA/DTL values.
  • Valuation Allowance reduces DTA and current earnings.
  • Permanent differences do not create deferred taxes.
  • IFRS vs. US GAAP presentation differences.

Questions

Question 1

Which term describes the income subject to tax based on the tax return?

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Question 2

What represents the net amount of an asset or liability as per the tax book?

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Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of Income Tax Expense?

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Question 4

When the Carrying Value of an asset is greater than its Tax Base, what is created?

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Question 5

Which scenario results in the creation of a Deferred Tax Asset (DTA)?

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Question 6

In the example provided in the text (Fruit 2), a company has Sales of 100 and Tax Depreciation of 50, but Book Depreciation of 25. If the tax rate is 40 percent, what is the Taxes Payable?

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Question 7

Using the same example (Fruit 2), where Book Depreciation is 25 and Tax Depreciation is 50 with a 40 percent tax rate, what is the Deferred Tax Liability (DTL) created in Year 1?

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Question 8

How does a permanent difference affect the financial statements?

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Question 9

If income tax rates increase, what happens to existing Deferred Tax Assets (DTA) and Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTL)?

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Question 10

What is a Valuation Allowance?

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Question 11

How does increasing the Valuation Allowance affect a company's earnings?

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Question 12

Under IFRS, how are Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities classified on the balance sheet?

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Question 13

Which of the following creates a Deferred Tax Liability (DTL)?

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Question 14

According to the provided text, how does US GAAP classify DTA/DTL on the balance sheet?

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Question 15

What is the effect of a tax loss carryforward?

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Question 16

If a Deferred Tax Liability is not expected to reverse, how should an analyst treat it?

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Question 17

Which difference generates a Deferred Tax Asset?

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Question 18

Consider a company with Pretax Income of 100 and Taxable Income of 80. If the tax rate is 30 percent, what is the change in Deferred Tax Liability (assuming no DTA)?

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Question 19

What characterizes a Permanent Difference?

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Question 20

How is the 'Cash Tax Rate' calculated?

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Question 21

What happens if a company decreases its Valuation Allowance?

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Question 22

Which item requires disclosure regarding deferred taxes?

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Question 23

If the Carrying Value of a Liability is less than its Tax Base, what is the result?

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Question 24

A firm has a Deferred Tax Liability of 100. If the tax rate decreases by 10 percent (relative terms, e.g., from 40 percent to 36 percent), what happens to the DTL?

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Question 25

What is the 'Statutory Tax Rate'?

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Question 26

Which of the following is treated as a temporary difference?

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Question 27

If a company has a Net Deferred Tax Asset of 500 and creates a Valuation Allowance of 100, what is the impact on the Balance Sheet carrying value of the DTA?

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Question 28

In the context of Deferred Tax calculation, what does 'CV' stand for?

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Question 29

If a Deferred Tax Liability reverses, what is the effect on Tax Payable compared to Tax Expense in that year?

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Question 30

Which condition leads to a DTL regarding Expenses?

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Question 31

What does a Valuation Allowance of zero imply?

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Question 32

If taxes payable are 40 and the DTA increases by 10 (with no change in DTL), what is the Income Tax Expense?

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Question 33

If a company has a Statutory Tax Rate of 30 percent and reports an Effective Tax Rate of 25 percent, what is the most likely cause?

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Question 34

What is the 'Tax base' of an asset?

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Question 35

When forecasting, if a DTL is expected to grow indefinitely (e.g., due to continuous growth in capex), it acts most like:

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Question 36

What is the impact of a lower tax rate on the Income Statement in the year of change?

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Question 37

If Taxable Income is 200, Accounting Profit is 300, and the tax rate is 25 percent, what is the Deferred Tax Liability created?

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Question 38

Which of the following creates a Deferred Tax Asset regarding Revenue?

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Question 39

Fruit 7 lists 'Net change in valuation allowance' as a disclosure. Why is this important?

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Question 40

Which statement about IFRS and US GAAP differences for deferred taxes is correct based on the provided text?

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Question 41

If a company has 100 in DTL and the tax rate rises from 20 percent to 30 percent, what is the adjustment to the DTL?

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Question 42

What creates a Taxable Temporary Difference?

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Question 43

If income tax expense is 100 and deferred tax liabilities increased by 20 (with no DTA), what was the Taxes Payable?

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Question 44

Under US GAAP (per the text), if a DTA relates to a current asset, how is it classified?

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Question 45

Which of the following creates a Deferred Tax Liability (DTL)?

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Question 46

When is a Valuation Allowance created?

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Question 47

What is the relationship between Pretax Income and Taxable Income that results in a Deferred Tax Asset?

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Question 48

How does inflation generally affect the effective tax rate compared to the statutory rate?

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Question 49

Which ratio compares the Income Tax Expense to Pretax Income?

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Question 50

If a company has a Net DTL of 200 and Net DTA of 50, what is the net reported position under IFRS?

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