Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis

50 questions available

Roles and Primary Financial Statements5 min
The chapter begins by defining the roles of financial reporting versus analysis. Reporting provides useful information about performance (Income Statement) and position (Balance Sheet), while analysis uses this data for economic decision-making. The five key financial statements are defined by their content and timing. The Balance Sheet reflects the fundamental accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) at a point in time. The Income Statement reports results over a period. The Cash Flow Statement segments cash movements into operating (ordinary business), investing (acquisition/sale of long-term assets), and financing (capital structure changes). The Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Changes in Equity capture broader equity movements.

Key Points

  • Financial reporting provides information; analysis supports decisions.
  • Balance Sheet: Point in time; Assets = Liabilities + Equity.
  • Income Statement: Performance over a period (Revenues - Expenses).
  • Cash Flow Statement: Operating, Investing, and Financing activities.
  • Statement of Changes in Equity reports owner investment changes.
Notes, Commentary, and Audits5 min
This section distinguishes between the strictly accounting-focused 'Notes' and the broader 'Management Commentary.' Notes (footnotes) are essential for understanding accounting methods, estimates, and assumptions used in the statements. Management's Commentary (or MD&A) offers an overview of business trends, liquidity, and significant events. The audit function is critical for assurance. Independent public accountants review statements to provide an opinion on their fairness. An 'Unqualified' opinion is the 'clean' and most desirable outcome. Other opinions include 'Qualified' (exceptions noted), 'Adverse' (material noncompliance), and 'Disclaimer' (inability to express an opinion). Management retains responsibility for internal controls.

Key Points

  • Notes disclose accounting methods and estimates.
  • MD&A discusses trends, liquidity, and business overview.
  • Unqualified opinion: Statements are free from material errors (Clean).
  • Adverse opinion: Statements are not presented fairly.
  • Management is responsible for internal controls, not the auditor.
Information Sources and Analysis Framework5 min
Analysts rely on various regulatory filings. In the US, these include the Form 10-K (annual audited financials), Form 10-Q (quarterly unaudited financials), Form 8-K (significant events like acquisitions), and Proxy Statements (shareholder voting and management compensation). The chapter concludes with the Financial Statement Analysis Framework, a structured six-step approach: 1) State the objective, 2) Gather data, 3) Process the data, 4) Analyze and interpret, 5) Report conclusions, and 6) Update the analysis.

Key Points

  • Form 10-K: Annual audited report.
  • Form 10-Q: Quarterly report.
  • Form 8-K: Significant events (acquisitions, disposals).
  • Proxy Statements: Management compensation and shareholder votes.
  • Analysis Framework has 6 steps, starting with 'State the objective' and ending with 'Update the analysis'.

Questions

Question 1

What is the primary role of financial reporting?

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Question 2

Which financial statement reports a company's financial position at a specific point in time?

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Question 3

The fundamental accounting equation is best expressed as:

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Question 4

Which statement reports all changes in equity owners' investment in the firm over a period of time?

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Question 5

Cash flows resulting from the acquisition or sale of a firm's assets are classified as:

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Question 6

Information about accounting methods, estimates, and assumptions is primarily disclosed in the:

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Question 7

Which document contains management's discussion and analysis (MD&A) of business trends and liquidity?

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Question 8

An independent review of an entity's financial statements is best described as:

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Question 9

Which type of audit opinion is issued when financial statements are considered free from material omissions and errors?

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Question 10

If a company's financial statements materially deviate from accounting standards, the auditor is most likely to issue a(n):

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Question 11

Who is responsible for maintaining an effective internal control system?

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Question 12

Which SEC form is used for the filing of annual financial statements?

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Question 13

A company typically files a Form 8-K when:

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Question 14

Information about matters requiring a shareholder vote is typically found in:

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Question 15

What is the first step in the financial statement analysis framework?

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Question 16

In the financial statement analysis framework, 'Analyze and interpret the data' is which step?

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Question 17

Which financial statement reports inflows and outflows from the issuance of debt?

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Question 18

Which of the following is considered a component of equity?

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Question 19

Comprehensive income includes all changes in equity EXCEPT those arising from:

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Question 20

What is the final step in the financial statement analysis framework?

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Question 21

Revenues are best described as:

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Question 22

Which audit opinion indicates the auditor was unable to express an opinion?

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Question 23

Which of the following is classified as an Investing Cash Flow?

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Question 24

Under US GAAP, firms can report comprehensive income in which document?

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Question 25

Which document is considered a quarterly financial report?

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Question 26

Earnings guidance is typically found in:

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Question 27

The phrase 'resources controlled by the firm' defines:

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Question 28

Expenses are defined as:

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Question 29

Which section of the annual report typically discusses risks and future outlook?

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Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the six steps in the Financial Statement Analysis Framework?

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Question 31

A 'Qualified Opinion' from an auditor implies:

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Question 32

If a company changes its management significantly, it must file which form with the SEC?

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Question 33

The Income Statement is also known as:

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Question 34

Which equation correctly represents the Balance Sheet?

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Question 35

In the context of Step 3 of the analysis framework ('Process the data'), which activity is most likely?

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Question 36

Other income typically refers to:

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Question 37

Which statement best describes the 'Cash Flow from Operating Activities'?

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Question 38

Which of the following is an example of an external source of information?

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Question 39

Amounts owed to lenders and other creditors are reported on the Balance Sheet as:

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Question 40

If an auditor confirms assets and liabilities but finds the statements are not presented fairly, they issue an:

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Question 41

Step 2 of the financial statement analysis framework is:

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Question 42

Which statement includes 'Net Income' + 'Other Comprehensive Income'?

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Question 43

Analyst recommendations are reported in which step of the analysis framework?

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Question 44

Which of the following items is found in the 'Notes' to the financial statements?

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Question 45

Which document reports the company's cash receipts and payments?

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Question 46

The independent review of financial statements is conducted by:

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Question 47

Which filing covers 'corporate governance' issues?

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Question 48

Analyst's sources of information include:

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Question 49

In the analysis framework, 'State the objective' includes:

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Question 50

The relationship 'Assets = Liabilities + Equity' applies to which financial statement?

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