Capitalization vs. Expensing and Intangible Assets5 min
The decision to capitalize or expense determines the timing of expense recognition. Capitalizing delays recognition, spreading it over the asset's life, which smooths earnings and classifies the cash outflow as investing (CFI) rather than operating (CFO). Intangible assets differ in treatment based on whether they are acquired or internally generated. While purchased intangibles are capitalized at cost, internally generated ones usually face stricter expensing rules, particularly for research costs. Goodwill, an unidentifiable intangible arising from acquisitions, represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net identifiable assets and is tested for impairment rather than amortized.

Key Points

  • Capitalizing expenditures increases current assets, equity, and operating cash flow compared to expensing.
  • Interest during construction is capitalized.
  • Finite-life intangibles are amortized; indefinite-life intangibles (e.g., Goodwill) are tested for impairment.
  • IFRS allows capitalization of development costs; US GAAP generally expenses R&D.
  • Goodwill is not amortized.
Depreciation and Amortization Methods5 min
Depreciation matches the cost of a tangible asset to the revenue it generates. The Straight-Line method charges a constant amount, while accelerated methods like Double Declining Balance charge more in early years, reducing taxable income and reported profit initially. Amortization applies similar concepts to intangible assets. The choice of method, along with estimates of useful life and residual value, significantly impacts financial ratios such as asset turnover and profit margins.

Key Points

  • Straight-Line Depreciation = (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life.
  • Double Declining Balance applies a 2x rate to the opening book value.
  • Component depreciation is required under IFRS for distinct asset parts.
  • Amortization is the equivalent of depreciation for intangibles.
  • Changes in estimates (life, salvage value) are handled prospectively.
Revaluation, Impairment, and Derecognition6 min
While US GAAP enforces the Cost Model, IFRS allows the Revaluation Model, permitting assets to be carried at fair value. Revaluation surpluses typically bypass the income statement, accumulating in equity under OCI. Impairment testing ensures assets are not carried above their recoverable value. The methodologies differ: IFRS uses a one-step comparison with the higher of Value in Use or Fair Value less costs, while US GAAP employs a two-step recoverability test. Derecognition occurs upon disposal, with gains or losses recognized in the income statement.

Key Points

  • Revaluation Model (IFRS) adjusts carrying value to fair value; gains usually go to OCI.
  • Impairment Loss (IFRS) = Carrying Value - Recoverable Amount.
  • Recoverable Amount (IFRS) = Higher of (Fair Value - Selling Costs) or Value in Use.
  • US GAAP Impairment: Step 1 is the Recoverability Test (Undiscounted CFs < Carrying Value).
  • Impairment reversals are allowed under IFRS (except Goodwill) but prohibited under US GAAP.

Questions

Question 1

When a company chooses to capitalize an expenditure rather than expense it immediately, what is the immediate impact on the Cash Flow from Operations (CFO)?

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Question 2

Under US GAAP, how are research and development (R&D) costs generally treated?

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Question 3

Which of the following best describes the 'Value in Use' used in IFRS impairment testing?

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Question 4

A company constructs a new machine for its own use. How should the interest costs incurred during the construction period be treated?

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Question 5

Under IFRS, if an asset is revalued upward for the first time, where is the gain recognized?

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Question 6

Which depreciation method results in the highest depreciation expense in the first year of an asset's life?

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Question 7

An asset has a cost of 10,000, a residual value of 1,000, and a useful life of 5 years. What is the depreciation expense in Year 1 using the Double Declining Balance method?

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Question 8

Under US GAAP, which of the following statements about the reversal of impairment losses on assets held for use is correct?

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Question 9

Which of the following intangible assets is NOT amortized?

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Question 10

How is the 'Average Age' of a firm's fixed assets estimated?

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Question 11

Under IFRS, if an asset is classified as Investment Property and the Fair Value Model is used, where are changes in fair value reported?

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Question 12

Which of the following expenditures is most likely to be expensed immediately?

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Question 13

Company A acquires Company B. Company A pays 1,000. The fair value of Company B's identifiable assets is 800 and liabilities is 100. What amount of Goodwill does Company A record?

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Question 14

When an asset is exchanged for another asset, how is the gain or loss computed?

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Question 15

Under US GAAP, which step is performed first in the impairment testing of a long-lived asset held for use?

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Question 16

What is the impact of an impairment loss on the Asset Turnover ratio in the year of impairment?

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Question 17

Which of the following requires Component Depreciation?

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Question 18

Compared to the Straight-Line Method, what is the effect of using the Double Declining Balance method on ROE in the early years of an asset's life?

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Question 19

A company has an asset with a Carrying Value of 50. Under IFRS, the Fair Value less selling costs is 40, and the Value in Use is 45. What is the impairment loss?

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Question 20

Under the IFRS Revaluation Model, if an asset revaluation results in a loss that reverses a previous revaluation surplus, how is the loss treated?

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Question 21

Which of the following is considered an 'Identifiable' intangible asset?

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Question 22

In the context of US GAAP software development costs, when does capitalization begin?

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Question 23

How does the estimated useful life assumption affect the net income in the later years of an asset's life if the straight-line method is used?

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Question 24

If a company permanently abandons a piece of machinery, what loss is reported in the income statement?

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Question 25

Which ratio is estimated by dividing Net Block by Annual Depreciation Expense?

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Question 26

For a long-lived asset classified as 'Held for Sale', which of the following statements is true?

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Question 27

Company X has Gross Block = 200, Accumulated Depreciation = 50, and Annual Depreciation Expense = 10. What is the estimated Total Useful Life of the assets?

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Question 28

Under US GAAP, a long-lived asset is considered impaired if:

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Question 29

Which cash flow activity reflects the expenditures for capitalizing long-term assets?

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Question 30

An analyst observes that a company using the Straight-Line method has a lower Asset Turnover ratio than a peer using the Double Declining Balance method. Assuming identical assets and operations, what explains this?

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Question 31

Under IFRS, how often must intangible assets with indefinite lives be tested for impairment?

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Question 32

A company sells a machine for 50. The machine originally cost 100 and had accumulated depreciation of 60. What is the gain or loss reported?

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Question 33

What is 'Economic Goodwill'?

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Question 34

If a company uses the Units of Production method, depreciation expense is based on:

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Question 35

Which of the following is an effect of capitalizing interest costs?

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Question 36

Under IFRS, what is the maximum amount an impairment loss can be reversed?

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Question 37

When forecasting future depreciation, why might an analyst focus on 'Gross Block' rather than 'Net Block'?

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Question 38

In a period of rising prices, which depreciation method results in a Net Income that is closest to current replacement cost economics?

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Question 39

Which of the following is a required disclosure for PPE?

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Question 40

Company Z uses the Revaluation Model (IFRS). An asset cost 100. At Year 1, FV is 120. At Year 2, FV drops to 90. What is the P&L impact in Year 2?

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Question 41

How does an impairment loss affect the Debt-to-Equity ratio?

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Question 42

A company capitalizes a $50,000 cost that should have been expensed. The asset has a 5-year life (SLM). What is the effect on Year 1 Net Income (ignore taxes)?

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Question 43

Which inventory-like characteristic does 'Investment Property' under IFRS possess when using the Fair Value Model?

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Question 44

Under US GAAP, which of the following is true regarding component depreciation?

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Question 45

What is the 'Recoverable Amount' of an asset under IFRS?

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Question 46

If a firm uses the Cost Model for Investment Property under IFRS, how is it treated?

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Question 47

What happens to the Fixed Asset Turnover ratio if a company switches from expensing to capitalizing maintenance costs (assuming these costs improve asset life)?

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Question 48

Which of the following costs incurred for an internally generated intangible asset is capitalized under IFRS?

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Question 49

When comparing two firms, one using Straight-Line and one using DDB depreciation, an analyst must adjust for:

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Question 50

Which statement best describes the treatment of 'Start-up costs'?

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