Income Statement Presentation and Components5 min
The income statement reports a firm's financial performance over a period of time. It starts with Revenue (or Sales/Topline) and subtracts Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) to arrive at Gross Profit. Further deductions for Selling, General, and Administrative (SGA) expenses yield EBITDA. Depreciation and amortization are then subtracted to find Operating Profit (EBIT). After adjusting for interest and taxes, the bottom line is Net Income (PAT/EAT). Expenses can be classified by nature (e.g., combining all depreciation) or by function (e.g., COGS vs. administrative). The chapter also introduces Comprehensive Income, which equals Net Income plus Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). OCI includes items like foreign currency transaction adjustments and unrealized gains/losses on available-for-sale securities.

Key Points

  • Equation: Revenue - COGS = Gross Profit; Gross Profit - SGA = EBITDA.
  • Expenses classified by nature (source) or function (use).
  • Comprehensive Income = Net Income + OCI.
  • OCI includes foreign currency adjustments and unrealized gains/losses on certain securities.
Revenue and Expense Recognition7 min
Under accrual accounting, revenue is recognized when realized or realizable and earned, not necessarily when cash is received. A five-step process governs this: identifying the contract, identifying performance obligations, determining transaction price, allocating price to obligations, and recognizing revenue when obligations are satisfied. For long-term contracts, revenue is recognized based on the percentage of completion, calculated via input costs or output surveys. Expenses follow the matching principle. Inventory costing methods (FIFO, LIFO, Weighted Average) significantly impact reported COGS and ending inventory. Depreciation allocates the cost of long-lived assets over their useful lives using methods like Straight-Line or Double Declining Balance.

Key Points

  • Five-step revenue recognition model.
  • Long-term contracts use percentage of completion methods (Input vs. Output).
  • Matching principle dictates expense recognition.
  • Inventory methods: FIFO (first-in, first-out), LIFO (last-in, first-out), Weighted Average.
Non-Recurring Items and EPS8 min
Analysts must distinguish between operating and non-operating income. Discontinued operations are reported separately, net of tax, after continuing operations. Unusual or infrequent items are included in continuing operations but often disclosed separately. Changes in accounting principles require retrospective application, while changes in estimates are applied prospectively. Earnings Per Share (EPS) is a critical metric. Basic EPS divides net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares. Diluted EPS adjusts for potential dilution from convertible securities (debt, preferred stock) and options/warrants, calculated only if they decrease EPS.

Key Points

  • Discontinued operations reported net of tax, below income from continuing operations.
  • Changes in accounting principles = Retrospective; Changes in estimates = Prospective.
  • Basic EPS = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends) / Weighted Avg Shares.
  • Diluted EPS assumes conversion of dilutive securities; anti-dilutive ones are ignored.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of Gross Profit?

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Question 2

Under the 'Nature' classification of expenses, how is depreciation expense typically treated?

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Question 3

Which of the following items is included in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) rather than Net Income?

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Question 4

A company sells goods worth 100 on credit. What is the immediate impact on the Balance Sheet?

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Question 5

Which of the following is the first step in the five-step revenue recognition process?

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Question 6

A contractor estimates total costs of 500 for a project. To date, 300 in costs have been incurred. What is the percentage of completion using the input method?

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Question 7

A firm enters a contract with a fixed price of 150 million and estimated costs of 120 million. In Year 1, costs incurred are 60 million. How much revenue is recognized in Year 1?

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Question 8

If a contract includes a bonus for early delivery, the bonus is included in the transaction price only if:

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Question 9

In a Net Reporting scenario for revenue, the firm reports:

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Question 10

Which inventory valuation method assumes that the goods sold first are the ones purchased first?

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Question 11

In an inflationary environment, which inventory method results in higher COGS?

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Question 12

Under IFRS, which inventory method is NOT permitted?

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Question 13

Using the Straight-Line Method, what is the annual depreciation for an asset costing 1,000 with a residual value of 100 and a useful life of 9 years?

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Question 14

Compared to Straight-Line depreciation, how does Double Declining Balance (DDB) depreciation affect Net Income in the early years of an asset's life?

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Question 15

Intangible assets with indefinite lives, such as goodwill, are:

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Question 16

How is income from discontinued operations reported on the income statement?

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Question 17

A change in accounting principle, such as moving from LIFO to FIFO, requires:

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Question 18

A change in accounting estimate, such as the useful life of an asset, is applied:

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Question 19

Which of the following describes a 'Simple Capital Structure'?

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Question 20

Calculate the Weighted Average Number of Shares: Jan 1 balance 40,000. Apr 1 issued 20,000. No other transactions.

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Question 21

When calculating Basic EPS, what amount is subtracted from Net Income?

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Question 22

A stock dividend of 20 percent is declared on May 1st. How does this affect the weighted average shares calculation for shares outstanding before May 1st?

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Question 23

In the treasury stock method for stock options, determining the number of incremental shares involves:

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Question 24

When calculating Diluted EPS for convertible debt, what adjustment is made to the numerator (Net Income)?

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Question 25

An antidilutive security is one that, if converted or exercised, would:

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Question 26

In a vertical common-size income statement, each item is expressed as a percentage of:

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Question 27

Which ratio is calculated as Gross Profit divided by Sales?

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Question 28

Gross Profit is 600 and Sales are 1000. What is the Gross Profit Margin?

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Question 29

Net Profit Margin can be increased by:

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Question 30

Which method of revenue recognition is most appropriate for a long-term construction project?

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Question 31

Under the input method for percentage of completion, progress is measured by:

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Question 32

If a contract modification requires goods that are not distinct from those already transferred, the modification is treated as:

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Question 33

Costs incurred to secure a contract that are expected to be recovered should be:

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Question 34

Barter transactions are recorded at fair value only if:

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Question 35

An airline acts as the primary obligor for a flight. How should it report ticket revenue?

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Question 36

Which expense recognition principle states that expenses generated to create revenue should be recognized in the same period as the revenue?

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Question 37

A coal distributor sells from the top of a pile. Which inventory method best reflects the physical flow?

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Question 38

A manufacturing firm typically records inventory expenses:

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Question 39

Bad debt expense must be recognized:

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Question 40

Which component is subtracted from Net Income to calculate Comprehensive Income?

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Question 41

If a firm has a 'Complex Capital Structure', it must report:

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Question 42

In the computation of Diluted EPS, convertible preferred dividends are:

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Question 43

Total depreciation over an asset's life is:

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Question 44

Effective Tax Rate is calculated as:

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Question 45

Retrospective application is NOT required when changing accounting principle to:

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Question 46

If a company has 10,000 stock options with an exercise price of 20 and the average market price is 25, how many shares are added to the denominator for Diluted EPS?

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Question 47

The measurement date for discontinued operations is:

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Question 48

Which of the following would likely be reported as 'Other Income'?

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Question 49

In a common-size income statement, tax expense is most meaningful when expressed as a percentage of:

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Question 50

A 2-for-1 stock split results in a multiplier of:

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