Mental Images and Propositions

What are the two kinds of knowledge structures that philosophers have traditionally distinguished between in the study of epistemology?

According to the dual-code theory proposed by Allan Paivio, what are the two codes used for representing information in our minds?

In the experiment by Brooks (1968) testing the dual-code theory, under which condition did participants show the most interference (i.e., slower response times)?

What is the central claim of the conceptual-propositional theory, or propositional theory?

What did the studies on ambiguous figures, such as the duck-rabbit, by Chambers and Reisberg suggest about the nature of mental images?

According to research by Peterson and colleagues (1992) on reinterpreting ambiguous figures, what percentage of participants were able to reinterpret the figures when given specific hints?

What is the functional-equivalence hypothesis regarding visual imagery?

In Shepard and Metzler's classic mental rotation experiment, what was the key finding regarding the time it took to rotate figures?

According to the research on image scaling by Kosslyn (1975), what did participants take longer to do?

In Kosslyn's experiment on image scanning using a map of an imaginary island, what was the relationship between the distance separating two objects on the map and the time it took participants to mentally scan between them?

What is representational neglect, as described in the chapter?

What did Intons-Peterson's (1983) research on experimenter expectancies find?

According to Johnson-Laird's theory, what are mental models?

In the study by Mani and Johnson-Laird (1982), what happened when participants were given determinate descriptions of a spatial layout?

What is the distinction between visual imagery and spatial imagery, according to neuropsychological research?

In the study of patient L.H., who had temporo-occipital lesions, what pattern of impairment was observed?

What is the primary function of cognitive maps?

In Edward Tolman's experiments with rats in a maze, what did the dramatic learning improvement of the third group of rats on the 11th day suggest?

What are the three types of knowledge that humans seem to use when forming and using cognitive maps?

What is the 'rotation heuristic' that affects our cognitive maps?

Which city is actually west of San Diego, California, contrary to what the relative-position heuristic might lead most people to believe?

What is the approximate time it can take for an individual neuron to fire in response to a stimulus?

In the study on gender and mental rotation, what difference in brain activation was noted between men and women performing the same task?

What does a symbolic representation, such as the word 'cat', mean?

What is the term for the mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the sense organs?

In the study by Finke, Pinker, and Farah (1989), what were participants able to do with mental images, suggesting an 'imaginal Gestalt experience'?

What does research on haptic (touch-based) and auditory imagery suggest about knowledge representation?

Which of the following is an example of the 'alignment heuristic'?

Neuropsychological research has found that damage to the right hemisphere is most associated with deficits in which type of processing?

What type of knowledge is defined as 'information about particular features at a location'?

How long, on average, does it take most people to recognize a complex visual stimulus?

According to the study by Mishra and Mishra (2010), the 'border bias' shows that people perceive risk from a disaster as higher when...

In the context of the functional equivalence hypothesis, which brain areas were found to be activated during both viewing and imagining an image in a study by Ganis, Thompson, & Kosslyn (2004)?

What is the key difference between an analog code and a symbolic code in dual-code theory?

Research on mental rotation has found that response times are longer for which type of stimuli?

Which cognitive strategy is described as the tendency for people to think of shapes, like states or countries, as being more symmetrical than they really are?

What does 'predicate calculus' attempt to do in the context of propositional theory?

When participants in a study by Reed (1974) briefly viewed a complex figure (like a Star of David) and were then asked if it contained a specific shape (like a parallelogram), what was the outcome?

In the experiment where participants learned to associate abstract words with faces or spatial positions, what was the finding regarding brain activation during recall?

What did early research by Carmichael, Hogan, and Walter (1932) show about the effect of semantic labels on the recall of visual images?

According to the spatial-framework theory by Franklin & Tversky (1990), which body axis do people access information from most quickly when constructing a mental model of the space around them?

When aging affects visual imagery, what did Dror & Kosslyn (1994) find in their comparison of older and younger adults?

What type of knowledge is defined as knowledge of procedures that can be implemented, such as tying shoelaces or driving a car?

What did research by Friedman and Brown (2000) show about how conceptual information affects the placement of cities on a map?

How does the chapter describe the difference in how pictures and words represent spatial relationships?

Which part of the brain is particularly important for receiving input from the retina when we see an object and is also activated during imagery?

In the study of schizophrenic patients who experience auditory hallucinations, which brain area is observed to be activated abnormally?

What type of knowledge is defined as 'estimated distances between landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps'?

What is the 'right-angle bias'?

When can people create accurate cognitive maps from a verbal description?