Memory Processes

In Conrad's 1964 experiment on short-term storage, participants were visually presented with series of six letters. Despite the visual presentation, what type of errors did participants tend to make?

According to Baddeley's 1966 study comparing recall performance for different word lists, what was the primary finding regarding the nature of encoding in short-term memory?

In the study by Grossman and Eagle (1970), participants learned a list of 41 words and were later given a recognition test that included semantically related distracters. What did the results concerning 'false alarm' responses indicate about encoding in long-term memory?

What is the key difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal in moving information into long-term memory?

What does research on the 'spacing effect' reveal about the effectiveness of distributed practice versus massed practice for long-term recall?

Based on the description of sleep stages and their electroencephalogram patterns, which stage is particularly important for memory consolidation and is characterized by dreaming and increased brainwave activity?

Neuropsychological research on sleep and memory consolidation has revealed that giving which neurotransmitter to patients during sleep impaired their declarative memory consolidation?

Which mnemonic device involves visualizing walking around an area with distinctive landmarks and linking the items to be remembered to those landmarks?

To learn that the French word for butter is 'beurre', a student first notes that 'beurre' sounds like 'bear' and then visualizes a bear eating a stick of butter. This is an example of which mnemonic device?

In Saul Sternberg's (1966) memory-scanning experiment, the actual pattern of data showed that response times increased linearly with the size of the memory set and were the same regardless of the test digit's serial position. This pattern supported which model of retrieval from short-term memory?

In Saul Sternberg's experiments on retrieval from short-term memory, approximately how long did each comparison between the test digit and a digit in the memory set take?

What is the distinction between the concepts of availability and accessibility of information in long-term memory?

In the 1959 study by Peterson and Peterson, participants were asked to recall trigrams after various intervals. What was the purpose of having them count backward by threes during the retention interval?

What is proactive interference?

What is the recency effect as observed in the serial-position curve?

How did Brown and Kulik (1977) define a flashbulb memory?

In the 1978 study by Loftus, Miller, and Burns, participants who viewed slides of a car at a stop sign were later questioned. Accuracy in identifying the correct slide was how much better for participants who received a consistent question (mentioning a stop sign) compared to those who received an inconsistent question (mentioning a yield sign)?

What is the postidentification feedback effect in the context of eyewitness testimony?

What is the key feature of the Roediger-McDermott paradigm used to study memory distortion?

What did the 1975 study by Godden and Baddeley, which involved having underwater divers learn word lists, demonstrate about memory retrieval?

What is the principle of encoding specificity, as described by Tulving and Thomson (1973)?

In the study by Hasel and Kassin (2009), participants viewed a staged robbery and were later told that one of the suspects in the lineup had confessed. What percentage of participants who had previously made an identification changed their choice to the confessor?

What is the term for the process of integrating new information into stored information, which can take many years for declarative knowledge and is susceptible to disruption?

According to research, which neurotransmitter's disruption by alcohol abuse can lead to Korsakoff syndrome, a devastating form of anterograde amnesia?

What is the primary difference between how retroactive and proactive interference affect memory?

In a typical serial-position curve for word recall, which items are subject to proactive interference but not retroactive interference?

Which of Schacter's 'seven sins of memory' is described as people being unable to remember where they heard or read something, sometimes leading them to believe they saw things they did not see?

According to the experiment by Nelson et al. (2011) where participants watched a movie of a theft and some videos featured a change-blindness manipulation, what was the effect of change blindness on the identification of the perpetrator?

In the Watkins and Tulving (1975) experiment on encoding specificity, participants first learned 24 paired associates. In a subsequent surprise recognition test with distracters, what percentage of the words from the original list did they recognize?

How long does visual encoding in short-term memory typically last before it is more likely to be forgotten compared to acoustic information?

Which type of memory refers to our memory for things we need to do or remember in the future, such as buying cereal at the supermarket?

What is the term for an enhancement in performance when the category of items being learned is switched, such as from numbers to words?

In the Brown-Peterson task, forgetting of a trigram was almost complete after what duration of the retention interval filled with counting backward?

In the Bransford and Johnson (1972) study, recall of a seemingly incomprehensible passage was greatly improved when participants were given what two-word title?

What type of memory distortion involves people having something they know they should remember on the 'tip of their tongue' but being unable to retrieve it?

According to research on eyewitness testimony, what is the 'postidentification feedback effect'?

In the Roediger-McDermott paradigm for creating false memories, participants are presented with lists of 15 words that are strongly associated with what?

What is the name for a particular kind of schema that contains information about the order in which things occur, such as the sequence of events in a restaurant?

In Talarico and Rubin's (2003) study of flashbulb memories of the September 11 attacks, how did the accuracy and detail of flashbulb memories compare to memories of everyday events over time?

What does decay theory assert is the reason information is forgotten?

A survey of U.S. prosecutors provided an estimate of how many suspects are arrested each year after being identified by eyewitnesses. What was this estimated number?

Of the first 180 cases in the United States where convicts were exonerated through DNA evidence, what proportion of these wrongful convictions involved eyewitness errors?

According to research on child eyewitnesses, what simple modification to a question can significantly increase the reliability of a child's testimony when they are unsure of the answer?

A mnemonic device that involves creating a word or expression where each letter stands for another word or concept, such as using 'USA' for United States of America, is known as what?

The research paradigm known as the 'recent-probes task', where participants decide if a probe word was one of four recent target words, was developed primarily to test which theory of forgetting?

What is the term for our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking?

According to the discussion of interference theory, when does retroactive interference occur?

Forming a sentence like 'Every Good Boy Does Fine' to remember the musical notes E, G, B, D, and F on the treble clef is an example of which mnemonic device?

In the context of retrieved memories being restabilized, what is the process that prevents a retrieved memory from falling victim to interference or decay after being called back into consciousness?

What is long-term potentiation (LTP) in the context of the microlevel structure of memory?