States of Consciousness

What is the body's primary circadian "pacemaker" that analyzes the strength and duration of light and sends signals to the pineal gland?

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a stage characterized by quick eye movements and dreaming, accounts for what percentage of our total sleep time?

Which stage of sleep is characterized by the presence of theta waves interspersed with bursts of rapid brain activity known as sleep spindles?

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, what are dreams?

What is the term for a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods?

What is the safety ratio for heroin, which is calculated based on the dose that is likely to be fatal divided by the normal dose needed to feel the drug's effects?

Depressants, such as alcohol and barbiturates, slow down consciousness primarily by increasing the production of which neurotransmitter?

What is the term for a trance-like state of consciousness characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus?

In which stage of sleep do most sleep abnormalities, such as sleepwalking, sleeptalking, and nightmares, occur?

What is the safety ratio for the recreational drug marijuana?

Approximately how many Americans are estimated to suffer from narcolepsy?

What is the term for the negative experiences that accompany reducing or stopping drug use, which can include physical pain?

The intentional reduction of stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses, with the possibility of resulting changes in consciousness, is known as what?

Which sleep disorder is characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep?

Which class of psychoactive drugs includes caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines?

What did Sigmund Freud believe was the primary function of dreams?

For a highly addictive drug like cocaine, what percentage of users is estimated to become addicted?

According to Roy Baumeister's theory, what is the 'escape from consciousness'?

According to the National Sleep Foundation data cited in the text, how many hours of sleep per night do most adults say they require?

The chemical makeup of opioids is similar to which naturally produced neurotransmitters, allowing them to act as the body's 'natural pain reducers'?

Which hormone, secreted by the pineal gland in response to low ambient light, is powerful in facilitating the onset of sleep?

About what percentage of adults in the U.S. are estimated to experience somnambulism (sleepwalking)?

The sleep disorder characterized by the sufferer grinding their teeth during sleep is known as what?

What is the term for an increase in the dose of a drug required to produce the same effect?

Which drug is an addictive substance obtained from the leaves of the coca plant and was once an ingredient in Coca-Cola?

According to the text, what is the most widely used drug of abuse in the world?

What is the safety ratio of alcohol?

Which class of drugs acts primarily as agonists by mimicking the action of serotonin and epinephrine at the synapses?

According to research by Hilgard (1965), approximately what percentage of people tested were found to be highly responsive to hypnosis?

What is the term for the phenomenon where people can forget things that happened to them while they were hypnotized?

A sleep cycle, moving between REM and non-REM sleep, repeats at what approximate interval throughout the night?

What are the very fast brain waves that characterize our brain activity when we are awake?

Which sleep disorder is a condition in which people engage in vigorous and bizarre physical activities during REM sleep in response to intense, violent dreams?

The feeling of depression that some people experience during the dark winter months is known as what disorder?

What is the term for a type of psychoactive drug that mimics the operation of a neurotransmitter?

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are two families of drugs that belong to which class of psychoactive drugs?

According to the text, the methylated version of amphetamine, known as methamphetamine ('meth'), has a safety ratio of what?

What is the name of the sleep disorder that may be accompanied by attacks of cataplexy, in which the individual loses muscle tone?

Freud differentiated between the manifest content and the latent content of a dream. What is the manifest content?

Up to what percentage of adults suffer from sleep terrors, a disorder which typically occurs in sleep stage N3?

Which drug class do opium, morphine, heroin, and codeine belong to?

What is the most widely used hallucinogen, which was prescribed for medical purposes in the U.S. until it was banned in 1938?

In his practice, what did the Austrian doctor Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815) believe filled all living bodies?

Meditation refers to techniques where an individual focuses on something specific, such as an object or one's breathing, with what primary goal?

Newborns tend to sleep for how many hours per day?

A prolonged lack of sleep suppresses immune responses and can lead to what health conditions?

What is the term for a type of psychoactive drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter at the synapse?

What is the safety ratio for the recreational drug GHB (Gamma hydroxy butyrate)?

What is the safety ratio of the stimulant cocaine?

What is the term for the biological rhythm that guides the daily waking and sleeping cycle in many animals?