Personality

Which early approach to assessing personality, developed by Franz Joseph Gall, was based on the idea of measuring personality by assessing the patterns of bumps on people's skulls?

According to William Herbert Sheldon's theory of somatology, which body type was more likely to be introverted and intellectual?

What are relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations, such as introversion, friendliness, and conscientiousness, called?

What term describes the observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that are supposedly descriptive of them but could in fact describe almost anyone?

Which personality test is described as the most important measure used primarily to assess deviations from a 'normal' or 'average' personality and to identify psychological disorders?

What did psychologist Walter Mischel find regarding the correlation between the traits a person expressed in one situation and those they expressed in another?

Which projective test involves showing respondents a series of 10 symmetrical inkblots and asking for their thoughts on them?

In Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory, which component of the mind is driven by the pleasure principle and represents our most primitive impulses?

A student who is angry at her professor for a low grade but instead lashes out at her roommate is exhibiting which Freudian defense mechanism?

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which stage lasts from birth to about 18 months of age and focuses on pleasure from the mouth?

Which neo-Freudian theorist proposed that the primary motivation in human personality is the 'striving for superiority' rather than sex or aggression?

Carl Jung's concept of a 'collective unconscious' refers to what?

In humanistic psychology, what did Abraham Maslow call the motivation to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent?

What is the basic biological unit that transmits characteristics from one generation to the next, with human cells having about 25,000 of them?

What type of behavioral genetics study compares biologically related people who have been reared either separately or apart?

In behavioral genetics research, which factor represents the experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike, such as a parent treating one child more affectionately than another?

What is the approximate heritability of the Big Five personality trait dimensions, according to the data presented from behavioral genetics studies?

According to the summary of behavioral genetics research, which factor has the largest influence on personality?

What is the acronym used to remember the five dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of Personality?

In the Five-Factor Model, which trait is characterized by a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement?

According to Hans Eysenck's theory, why do extroverts have a greater desire to socialize with others?

In Freud's theory, the phallic stage conflict for boys, involving an attraction to the mother and rivalry with the father, is termed what?

What is the primary critique of projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT mentioned in the text?

What type of leaders, according to the text, are described as more regular, working with subordinates to help them understand requirements and get the job done?

What is the Freudian defense mechanism where unacceptable sexual or aggressive desires are channeled into acceptable activities?

According to Freud, a person who becomes fixated at the anal stage due to overly harsh toilet training may develop which type of personality as an adult?

Which of these is NOT one of the three components Carl Rogers argued are necessary for a therapist to create a positive therapeutic alliance?

In Tory Higgins's self-discrepancy theory, a mismatch between the 'actual self' and the 'ought self' is likely to lead to what type of emotions?

What is the general conclusion from twin and adoption studies regarding the influence of the shared environment (e.g., parenting) on adult personality?

Molecular genetics researchers use a technique in laboratory mice where they remove or modify the influence of a gene to see its effect on behavior. What is this technique called?

What percentage of DNA is the same between any two human beings?

Which personality trait, according to Table 11.1 in the 'Personality as Traits' section, is described as a cluster including conventionalism, superstition, and toughness?

The Five-Factor Model of personality is considered 'parsimonious,' which is an advantage because:

In the summary of personality disorders, what percentage of the population is estimated to have a personality disorder?

Which personality disorder is described as an internalizing disorder, more frequently found in women, and characterized by behaviors like self-mutilation that are directed toward the self?

In the context of Freudian theory, the outpouring of emotion that often accompanied remembering a trauma during hypnosis was known as what?

Freud believed that personality is developed through a series of stages, each focusing on pleasure from a different part of the body. What are these stages collectively called?

Alfred Adler believed that children who are either overly nurtured or overly neglected are likely to develop what psychological state?

Which neo-Freudian theorist focused on the negative impact of technology, arguing it has led people to feel increasingly isolated and to have a need to 'escape from freedom'?

What does behavioral genetics research indicate about the heritability of fingerprint patterns?

According to the Five-Factor Model, a person who has a general appreciation for art, adventure, and unusual ideas would score high on which trait?

Freud did not believe in free will, but rather that all behaviors are predetermined by motivations that lie outside our awareness, in the:

Which personality trait from the 'Some Personality Traits That Predict Behavior' table is defined as the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards?

The research by Richard Nisbett on situational influences found that people were more likely to use trait terms (like 'energetic') to describe others, and more likely to use which phrase to describe themselves?

What is the main limitation of the Five-Factor Model of personality mentioned in the text?

According to Freudian theory, the ego, which is the largely conscious decision-maker of personality, operates based on which principle?

In the Five-Factor Model, the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, or depression is known as what?

What did the research by Allport (1937) and Cattell (1990) attempt to do with the vast number of personality descriptors in the English language?

In Freud's latency stage, which lasts from about 6 years to 12 years, what happens to sexual impulses?

The final conclusion of the section 'Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture?' is that we do not inherit personality in any fixed sense because the effect of our genes on our behavior is entirely dependent upon: