Intelligence and Language

What did Charles Spearman call the single underlying construct that he hypothesized all items on an intelligence test measure?

Which type of intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world acquired throughout our lives and tends to increase with age?

According to L. L. Thurstone's proposal, how many clusters of primary mental abilities did he identify?

In Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, which component is typically assessed by traditional intelligence tests that feature problems with single right answers?

Which psychologist proposed that there are eight specific intelligences, arguing that it would be evolutionarily functional for different people to possess different talents and skills?

What does it mean for an intelligence test to be reliable?

The Flynn effect describes an observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased by approximately how many IQ points every 10 years?

Using the simple formula for calculating IQ, what would be the IQ of an 8-year-old child who performs as well as the average 10-year-old child?

Which intelligence test is the most widely used for adults?

Research by Frey and Detterman (2004) found that the SAT correlated highly with standard measures of intelligence, with a correlation coefficient between which values?

According to studies on the biology of intelligence, what do people who are more intelligent frequently show when working on a task compared to those with lower intelligence?

According to twin and adoption studies, what percentage of the variability in IQ is estimated to be due to genetics?

In twin studies, while the IQs of identical twins correlate very highly (r = .86), what is the approximate correlation for the scores of fraternal twins?

What is the term for the ability to accurately identify, assess, understand, and effectively control one’s own emotions?

In a normal distribution of IQ scores, with a standard deviation of about 15, what percentage of people score above an IQ of 130, which is often considered the threshold for giftedness?

What is the IQ score below which a person is often considered to have mental retardation, assuming they also have experienced deficits since childhood and trouble with basic life skills?

Which chromosomal disorder, caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome, is identified as one cause of mental retardation?

In the long-term study of gifted children initiated by Lewis Terman, what was the approximate IQ score that the 1,500 selected high school students had to have?

While men and women have almost identical overall intelligence, on which type of task do women tend to perform better than men?

What is the term for the proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged desirable?

What is the term for performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes, such as when a task is described as diagnostic of an ability for which a group is stereotyped as inferior?

What is the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language?

The English language contains approximately how many distinct phonemes?

By what age does a child's ability to recognize phonemes typically become very similar to that of the adult speakers of their native language, losing the ability to differentiate phonemes not in that language?

What is the term for a string of one or more phonemes that constitutes the smallest unit of meaning in a language?

Which area of the brain, located in front of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex, is primarily responsible for language production?

Aphasia is a condition where language functions are severely impaired. What difficulty would a person with damage to Wernicke's area typically experience?

At approximately what age do infants typically begin babbling, which involves engaging in intentional vocalizations that lack specific meaning?

When a young child uses a single word in a broader context than is appropriate, such as calling all animals 'doggie,' what is this error in language development called?

What is the term for the ability of language speakers to compose sentences to represent new ideas they have never been exposed to before, such as a child saying 'I swimmed'?

Which linguist is a major proponent of the nature approach to language, arguing that human brains contain a 'language acquisition device' that includes a 'universal grammar'?

In Noam Chomsky's theory of language, what is the term for how an idea is represented in the fundamental universal grammar that is common to all languages?

What has recent research, which has controlled for factors like socioeconomic status, found regarding the cognitive abilities of bilingual children compared to monolingual children?

The idea that the language we speak and its structures influence and limit our human thought is known as what?

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight specific intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?

According to the chapter summary, what is the primary role of Broca's area in language?

What type of intelligence refers to the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities, and which tends to decrease with age?

What is the 'common sense' or 'street smarts' component of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence called?

Autistic savants provide some evidence for Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences because they typically exhibit which pattern of abilities?

What is the term for the process of giving an intelligence test to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level to establish norms?

The distribution of IQ scores varies by sex, with the distribution for men being more spread out. Approximately how many more men than women fall in the extreme ends (very smart or very dull) of the IQ distribution?

According to research cited in the chapter, boys are about how many times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with the reading disability dyslexia?

Although bell curves for different racial and ethnic groups overlap considerably, there are observed differences in the average IQ scores. On average, where is the center of the IQ distribution for African Americans?

What does the concept of 'categorical perception of speech sounds' help to explain?

Which non-human animal is described in the chapter as the most proficient language speaker, capable of learning by observation and creating elementary syntax?

What was a key finding of the study by Jacqueline Johnson and Elissa Newport on second language acquisition in immigrants?

The 'nurture' or learning theory explanation of language development, championed by B.F. Skinner, suggests that language is acquired primarily through which set of principles?

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) yields scores on four domains. Which of the following is NOT one of those four domains?

According to research mentioned in the text, intelligence scores correlate with measures of working memory at approximately what level?

Research has found that stereotype threat effects can be reduced or eliminated by certain manipulations. Which of the following has been shown to be successful at reducing stereotype threat?