Language Development, Language Diversity, and Immigrant Education

According to the milestones of early childhood language development, what is the approximate expressive vocabulary size of a child by age 6?

A child who previously used the correct irregular past tense 'broken' starts saying 'broked'. What linguistic phenomenon does this demonstrate?

What are the two broad categories of skills identified by research as crucial for the emergence of literacy?

The ability to decode units of print into units of sound and then into units of language is described by the Whitehurst and Lonigan model as what type of process?

What is the term for when a person loses their first language after adding a second one?

What does research on bilingualism suggest is the 'sensitive period' for optimal bilingual language and reading exposure?

What is one of the cognitive benefits correlated with higher degrees of bilingualism?

What is the term for the language spoken in a student's home or by older relatives when the larger society speaks a different language?

How long does it typically take for a student learning a new language to master academic language skills like reading complex texts?

What is a dialect?

What is the primary goal of the 'melting pot' approach to cultural diversity in schools?

Who are defined as 'refugees'?

Which of the four general profiles of English Language Learners (ELLs) is described as being literate in their native language but speaking limited English?

What is the term for students whose characteristics are between those born in the United States and recent immigrants, often because they arrived as young children?

In the context of English language learning, what does 'ESL' stand for?

What is the primary characteristic of a 'two-way immersion' class?

The instructional approach that teaches content to ELL students by putting words and concepts into a context that makes the material more understandable is known as what?

What is the name of the observational system designed by Jana Echevarría and her colleagues to ensure key elements of sheltered instruction are included in teaching?

Which lesson structure, often used in SIOP, involves the teacher pausing every 10 minutes to have students discuss what they have learned with a partner?

What is the concept of using students' and families' extensive knowledge about things like agriculture, economics, and medicine as a basis for teaching?

In a large survey of immigrant children in Miami and San Diego, what percentage had retained the ability to speak their heritage language well?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a student with a monolingual/preliterate profile?

What is metalinguistic awareness?

What is the term for the different ways of talking for males and females?

By about age 4, most children have mastered the sounds of their native language and have a vocabulary of thousands of words. What other linguistic skill have they typically mastered?

When a young child learns that a new label refers to a whole object, not just a part of it, this is an example of what aspect of language development?

According to the chapter, what is the most important factor in literacy development for bilingual children, which predicts early reading outcomes in both Spanish and English?

What is the term for a bilingual person's switching between two languages or dialects within a conversation, which indicates high-level language skills?

Which of the following is NOT one of the four general profiles of English Language Learners (ELLs) identified in the chapter?

According to one study, what percentage of elementary and secondary school teachers are prepared to teach English as a second language?

Students who are 'ear learners' of English, acquiring it through listening and speaking with friends rather than formal schooling, are a characteristic of which group?

What is the primary argument in favor of the 'native-language maintenance' approach to teaching ELLs?

According to research on student-led conferences, what is a key benefit of having students lead the conference?

When considering referring a struggling ELL student for special education testing, what is described as the best first step for the teacher?

Which of the following is a characteristic that teachers should look for when identifying giftedness in bilingual students?

What is the primary function of the 'episodic buffer' in Baddeley's model of working memory, as it relates to language?

In the timeline of language development, at what age range does a child's vocabulary typically reach about 1,500 words and they begin asking many 'why?' and 'who?' questions?

A teacher notices that a child is speaking in simpler sentences to younger children and in a louder, deeper voice to her pet. This is a demonstration of the child's understanding of what?

For students with persistent reading problems, the chapter suggests that reading intervention should be thought of as being more like what?

What is the primary difference between the languages of English and languages like Spanish or Finnish that affects how emergent literacy develops?

A college student who grew up speaking Chinese at home but now speaks English in most contexts is worried that her children will not be able to speak Chinese. This is an example of concern about what?

In the context of language acquisition, what is a key difference between a 'critical period' and a 'sensitive period'?

What does biculturalism require in addition to being bilingual?

What is the primary language skill that transfers most readily from a first language (L1) to a second language (L2)?

The cultural deficit model assumes that the problems immigrant and minority students face in school are caused by what?

What is a major reason provided for why Structured English Immersion (SEI) is adopted by some schools?

One of the key elements of the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) is 'preparation'. Which of the following is an example of this element?

When a teacher helps an ELL student by using visuals, gestures, and modeling to make content concepts clear, which element of the SIOP model are they demonstrating?

What is a primary affective or emotional challenge that English Language Learners (ELLs) may experience in school?

In a timeline for planning student-led conferences, when should students practice self-assessment using the established criteria or rubrics?