Cognitive Views of Learning

What is the approximate duration that information is held in sensory memory before it fades?

According to the early information processing model, what is the term for the process of detecting a stimulus and assigning meaning to it?

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, which component is responsible for supervising attention, making plans, and deciding what information to retrieve?

What is the term for the type of cognitive load that is unavoidable and represents the amount of processing required to simply figure out the material?

A student memorizes a phone number by repeating it over and over. This is an example of which type of rehearsal?

Which category of long-term memory includes knowledge for how to do something, such as riding a bicycle or factoring an equation?

A schema is a mental framework that guides our perception and helps us make sense of our experience. What is another term for a schema that helps students understand and remember stories?

What is the term for vivid and complete memories of dramatic or emotional moments in your life, such as where you were on 9/11?

Activating information that is already in long-term memory through some out-of-awareness process is known as what?

Adding meaning to new information by connecting it with already existing knowledge is a key principle for constructing declarative knowledge. What is this process called?

What does Richard Mayer's cognitive theory of multimedia learning identify as one of its three core ideas for building complex understanding?

What is the memory strategy that involves imagining a familiar place and 'hanging' memories on specific locations or 'pegs'?

The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle is known as what?

What are the three stages in the development of an automated basic skill, in the correct order?

A student is asked to solve the ratio problem 2:14 = ?:35. Instead of finding the multiplicative relationship, the student subtracts 12 from 35 to get 23. This error demonstrates a common difficulty in understanding what?

Cognitive psychologists view reinforcement differently than behavioral theorists. From the cognitive perspective, what role does reinforcement play in learning?

In the context of working memory, what is the process of grouping individual bits of information into larger, more meaningful units called?

According to the levels of processing theory, which activity would lead to the best memory of a list of words?

In the information processing system, processing that is driven by the features of the stimulus itself is called 'bottom-up' processing. What is the term for processing that uses context and existing knowledge to understand new information?

Allan Paivio's dual coding theory suggests that information is easiest to learn when it is what?

What is the term for our actual memories of specific birds, parties, or furniture that we use to compare with a new item to see if it belongs in the same category?

Which type of memory is characterized as being out-of-awareness but still influencing thought and behavior?

The memory retrieval process that uses logic, cues, and other knowledge to construct a reasonable answer by filling in any missing parts is called what?

What type of practice, which involves studying for an extended period in one session, often leads to cognitive overload and is less effective for long-term retention?

In the development of an automated skill, what is the initial stage where a learner relies on declarative knowledge and general problem-solving strategies?

Which memory system is considered the 'workbench' of the memory system, where new information is held temporarily and combined with knowledge from long-term memory?

What are the two factors that research indicates are critical for helping students pass through the three stages of skill development and become more expert?

Forgetting information from working memory can happen through interference or what other process?

In the context of knowledge, what is the term for knowledge that pertains to a particular task or subject, such as knowing the position of the shortstop in baseball?

What is the smallest unit of knowledge that can be judged as true or false, such as 'Lincoln freed the slaves'?

The memory strategy where a student learns the keyword for the Spanish word 'carta' (letter) is 'cart' and then imagines a cart full of letters is an example of what?

What type of knowledge is also referred to as conditional knowledge, involving knowing when and how to apply other forms of knowledge?

In the context of problem representation, what does the text identify as a primary reason novices misinterpret problems while experts do not?

In the information processing system, where does the interaction among the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer take place?

Which type of cognitive load is considered desirable because it comes from deep processing of relevant information, such as organizing and integrating material with prior knowledge?

Based on the text, what is the major individual difference that affects long-term memory performance?

What type of memory in the information processing model is characterized by a very large capacity but a duration of less than 3 seconds?

According to G. A. Miller's early research, the 'magic number' describing the capacity of short-term memory is what?

What is the term for condition-action rules (IF-THEN rules) that are stored in procedural memory and specify what to do under certain conditions?

When a student is trying to understand a new topic by relating it to their own experiences, creating examples, and explaining it to a peer, they are engaging in what cognitive process?

What kind of memory contains personal facts and the memory of events, the 'episodes' of your life?

In a drawer containing a mix of black and white socks in a four-to-five ratio, what is the minimum number of socks you must take out to guarantee you have a matching pair?

An expert fourth-grade soccer player learns and remembers more new soccer terms than a novice, even if both have the same general ability to learn new terms. What does this example illustrate?

What term is used to describe the amount of time that new information can be held in working memory if it is not rehearsed?

A student using the READS strategy for reading a chapter first Reviews headings and subheadings, then Examines boldface words. What is the next step, represented by the 'A'?

What are the two main types of explicit memory?

When a student tries to recall a story about a Native American seal hunt but instead remembers it as a 'fishing trip,' this error in retrieval is an example of what cognitive process?

What component of working memory is a speech- and sound-related system for holding and rehearsing words and sounds?

Which memory contains the general knowledge of the world, including facts, theories, and concepts, that is important for school learning?

A student recognizes a capital letter 'A' in various fonts and handwriting styles by analyzing its component features like two lines joined at an angle with a horizontal line through the middle. This process is an example of what?