DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes

What is the complex of DNA and tightly bound protein in eukaryotic cells called?

What is the approximate length of the human genome in nucleotide pairs?

A nucleosome core particle is composed of a protein core with DNA wrapped around it. How many nucleotide pairs of DNA are in this wrapped segment?

What is the primary mechanism that allows a cell to accurately copy its genome?

How many total chromosomes does a typical human somatic cell contain?

According to Table 4-1, what percentage of the human genome DNA sequence is contained within protein-coding exons?

What is the function of the linker histone H1?

Which statement best describes the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

The mottled appearance of the eye in some Drosophila, caused by the silencing of the White gene when it is moved near a region of heterochromatin, is an example of what phenomenon?

To form a functional linear chromosome that can be replicated and passed on to daughter cells, what three types of specialized nucleotide sequences are required?

How many turns does the DNA double helix make as it wraps around a single histone octamer in a nucleosome core particle?

What is the number of hydrogen bonds formed between a guanine-cytosine (G-C) base pair versus an adenine-thymine (A-T) base pair?

An ordered display of the full set of 46 human chromosomes from a mitotic cell is known as what?

What is the median size for a human protein-coding gene, including its introns and exons, in nucleotide pairs?

What is the function of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes?

The proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 are collectively known as what type of histones?

What has the chromosome conformation capture method known as Hi-C revealed about the organization of interphase chromosomes?

Which SMC protein complex is primarily responsible for forming looped domains in interphase, and which one drives mitotic chromosome compaction?

What is a pseudogene?

The puffer fish, Fugu rubripes, has a very compact genome compared to other vertebrates. What feature primarily accounts for its small size?

What are Human Accelerated Regions (HARs)?

Approximately how many protein-coding genes are contained in the human genome?

What is the approximate end-to-end compaction ratio of a typical human chromosome when it condenses for mitosis?

Approximately how many nucleosomes are contained in a diploid human cell?

On average, how many nucleotide pairs make up one complete turn of a DNA double helix?

What is the approximate percentage of the human genome that consists of high-copy-number repetitive elements?

Based on the data in the chapter, what is the median size of a single human exon in nucleotide pairs?

What is the function of the histone H3 variant known as CENP-A?

In a mammalian cell, approximately what percentage of the genome is packaged in a 'closed and inactive' form, including heterochromatin and quiescent euchromatin?

What is the role of the DNA-binding protein CTCF in organizing interphase chromosomes?

What does the term 'synteny' refer to in the context of comparative genomics?

The evolution of the four-chain hemoglobin molecule (alpha2beta2) from a single-chain globin protein provided a key advantage for complex vertebrates. What was this advantage?

When a new, neutral mutation occurs in a diploid population of constant size N, what is its approximate probability of eventually becoming fixed in the population?

Analyses of ancient DNA have revealed that modern humans, particularly those from Europe and Asia, share a portion of their genome with Neanderthals. What is the approximate percentage of this shared genome?

In the context of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene, what is the fundamental difference between an exon and an intron?

What is the approximate composition by mass of a typical eukaryotic chromosome?

Besides enabling the replication of chromosome ends, what other crucial function do telomeres perform?

What is a kinetochore?

What structural motif, formed from three alpha helices connected by two loops, is shared by all four of the core histones?

What is the general function of enzymes known as histone acetyl transferases (HATs)?

What is the key difference between constitutive and facultative heterochromatin?

Cohesin and condensin are large protein rings that organize DNA into loops. What family of proteins do they belong to?

What is the size of the largest known protein-coding gene in the human genome, in nucleotide pairs?

How many separate DNA molecules make up a single, non-replicated eukaryotic chromosome?

According to findings from Hi-C experiments, approximately how many looped domains are there in the human genome?

What is a major difference in how centromeres are defined in budding yeast versus in more complex organisms like humans?

What does the 'beads on a string' model of chromatin represent?

As shown in Figure 4-14, how do the chromosome numbers of the closely related Chinese muntjac and Indian muntjac deer compare?

What percentage of the human genome is composed of multispecies conserved sequences, as revealed by comparative DNA sequencing studies?

What are the three components of a nucleotide subunit in a DNA molecule?