Visualizing Cells and Their Molecules

What is the theoretical limit of resolution for a conventional light microscope under the best conditions, such as using violet light with a wavelength of 0.4 micrometers?

What is the primary function of a fixative, such as glutaraldehyde, when preparing a tissue sample for microscopy?

Which property of light is principally exploited by phase-contrast and differential-interference-contrast (DIC) microscopy to visualize unstained, living cells?

In fluorescence microscopy, what is the function of the two filter sets used in the microscope?

What is the typical thickness range for sections prepared for standard light microscopy?

In the technique of indirect immunocytochemistry, how is the signal from the primary antibody amplified?

Approximately how long does it take for a newly translated Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to undergo the self-catalyzed modification to become fluorescent?

What is the key condition required for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to occur between two fluorochromes attached to different proteins?

What is the fundamental principle of image deconvolution in three-dimensional microscopy?

The practical resolving power of modern electron microscopes is approximately 0.05 nanometers. What is the theoretical wavelength of an electron in a microscope with an accelerating voltage of 100,000 V?

In preparing a biological specimen for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), why must the tissue be cut into ultrathin sections of 25-100 nanometers?

What is the key principle of negative staining in transmission electron microscopy?

How does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) primarily generate an image, distinguishing it from a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

In the superresolution technique STED microscopy, what is the purpose of the second, doughnut-shaped laser beam?

According to the description of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), what is the key strategy used to resolve molecules that are closer than the diffraction limit?

What is the primary advantage of multiphoton microscopy for imaging deep into living tissues?

In expansion microscopy (ExM), what is the key step that allows a conventional microscope to achieve superresolution?

What is the primary advantage of light-sheet microscopy for long-term imaging of living multicellular organisms?

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is best suited for visualizing what type of cellular events?

In cryo-electron microscopy, what is the purpose of single-particle reconstruction?

The dye hematoxylin, used in traditional histology, reveals the general distribution of what types of molecules due to its affinity for them?

Which superresolution microscopy technique is described as using a grated or structured pattern of light to illuminate the sample, creating a moiré pattern to improve resolution?

How many times better than the resolution of a light microscope is the normal effective resolution for biological objects in an electron microscope?

What is the primary trade-off when using electron microscopy for higher resolution compared to light microscopy?

In the technique Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP), what is directly measured to determine the kinetic properties of a protein?

What is the typical resolution achieved by superresolution techniques such as STED and SMLM in biological specimens?

Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is a technique designed to achieve what specific goal?

What is the primary material used for the lenses in a transmission electron microscope?

Why is it important to use vitreous ice in cryo-electron microscopy?

What is the typical resolution of an image produced by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showing surface features?

In the context of the fluorescence microscope filter set shown in Figure 9-10C for detecting fluorescein, what is the function of the beam-splitting mirror?

What is the typical size of a eukaryotic animal cell, as stated in the chapter?

What is the phenomenon called when a fluorochrome molecule is destroyed due to too much or too bright light exposure?

In the process of single-particle reconstruction by cryoEM, how are the thousands of initial low-contrast images of molecules improved to yield a high-resolution structure?

Which type of microscopy uses a special cooled specimen holder to examine rapidly frozen samples directly in the electron microscope?

What is the normal effective resolution for biological objects in an electron microscope, as stated in the chapter?

What is a major advantage of using genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors to monitor cell signaling, as shown with the calcium biosensor in Figure 9-22?

In immunogold electron microscopy, what is used to make the secondary antibody visible?

What is the remarkable resolution achieved by cryoEM for the apoferritin protein, as shown in Figure 9-51, which is enough to see detailed atomic structure?

What historical proposal, made in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, marks the formal birth of cell biology?

The term 'point spread function' in microscopy refers to what phenomenon?

In multiphoton microscopy, what is the 'two-photon effect' that is used to excite fluorescent molecules?

What is the primary purpose of the technique known as electron microscope tomography?

What is the typical thickness of an ultrathin section used for transmission electron microscopy, as compared to the thickness of a single cell?

Which of the following describes the fundamental limitation on the resolution of a conventional light microscope?

In the context of fluorescence, what is photobleaching?

What is the approximate resolution that structured illumination microscopy (SIM) can achieve, and how does this compare to conventional light microscopy?

What is the primary reason for the extremely high resolution of an electron microscope compared to a light microscope?

Which technique would be most suitable for visualizing the dynamic activity of synapses just below the surface of a living mouse brain?

The technique of electron microscope tomography is computationally analogous to which medical imaging technology?