DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

What is the approximate mutation rate observed in bacteria like E. coli when corrected for silent mutations and normalized per nucleotide copied?

In eukaryotes, what is the approximate length of Okazaki fragments found on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

What is the primary function of single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins during DNA replication?

What is the combined accuracy of DNA replication after all three steps of proofreading (polymerization, exonucleolytic proofreading, and mismatch repair) are completed?

How does the strand-directed mismatch repair system in E. coli distinguish the newly synthesized DNA strand from the old template strand?

What is the role of DNA topoisomerase I in relieving the 'winding problem' during DNA replication?

Approximately how many origins of replication are used each time a human cell divides?

What is the function of the enzyme telomerase?

What is the most frequent type of spontaneous DNA damage that occurs in human cells, happening about 18,000 times per cell per day?

Which DNA repair pathway is primarily responsible for removing bulky lesions, such as those caused by sunlight or large hydrocarbons?

What is a key difference in the initiation of replication between bacteria and eukaryotes regarding the helicase?

What is the primary mechanism used by translesion polymerases to replicate through damaged DNA?

Which of the following is the 'quick and dirty' solution for repairing double-strand breaks and is predominant in mammalian somatic cells?

What is the key role of the RecA/Rad51 protein in homologous recombination?

What is a Holliday junction?

What is the primary mechanism by which DNA-only transposons move in the cut-and-paste transposition pathway?

What type of enzyme is central to the life cycle of a retrovirus like HIV, responsible for converting its RNA genome into DNA?

What is the approximate rate of movement of a eukaryotic replication fork?

How many subunits compose the eukaryotic CMG helicase?

What is the consequence of a mutation in the human Brca1 or Brca2 genes?

In the process of base excision repair, what is the role of the enzyme AP endonuclease?

In homologous recombination during meiosis, what specialized protein complex is responsible for creating the initial programmed double-strand break?

What is the typical length of the RNA primers synthesized by DNA primase in eukaryotic cells?

How many times per second does the DNA in an isolated nucleosome unwrap from each end?

What is the consequence of 'gene conversion' during meiotic recombination?

Which class of transposable elements predominates in bacteria and is largely responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance?

What is the key structural feature of the protein-DNA filament formed by RecA/Rad51 that facilitates strand invasion?

What is the main reason that DNA replication in eukaryotes is confined to the S phase of the cell cycle?

How many histone proteins are found in the core of a single nucleosome?

What happens to the parental H3-H4 tetramers and H2A-H2B dimers when a replication fork passes through a nucleosome?

What is the primary consequence for a cell if the ATM protein is defective, as seen in the disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT)?

In the mechanism for nonretroviral retrotransposition, what serves as the primer for the reverse transcription step?

What is the typical size range of the human telomeric repeat sequence GGGTTA?

What is the 'end-replication problem' that eukaryotes solve using telomeres and telomerase?

In the process of repairing a stalled replication fork via 'fork reversal', what acts as the template for the DNA synthesis that bypasses the damage?

What is the role of the clamp loader in DNA replication?

What type of chemical reaction does a DNA glycosylase catalyze in base excision repair?

How much of the human genome is estimated to be composed of recognizable relics of past transposition events?

Which type of mobile genetic element is responsible for generating I elements in Drosophila and L1 elements in humans?

What is the primary distinguishing feature of conservative site-specific recombination compared to transposition?

By the age of 70, a typical human somatic cell is estimated to contain more than how many 'scars' from inaccurate repair by nonhomologous end joining?

What is the function of the Ku protein in nonhomologous end joining?

During which cell-cycle phases is homologous recombination predominantly used to repair double-strand breaks?

What is the function of the enzyme DNA gyrase in bacteria?

Why is an erasable RNA primer thought to be advantageous for DNA replication compared to a DNA primer?

What is the typical total length of Okazaki fragments synthesized by Pol-delta in eukaryotes?

The accidental deamination of 5-methylcytosine in vertebrate DNA produces which natural nucleotide?

According to the text, how do RNA-only viruses like SARS-CoV-2 achieve proofreading during the replication of their RNA genomes?

What is the primary role of the protein shelterin?

What triggers the termination of DNA replication in eukaryotes?