Materials of construction

What is the primary purpose of adding chromium to stainless steels to impart corrosion resistance?

Which of the following phenomena is described as the gradual extension of a material under a steady tensile stress over a prolonged period, typically at high temperatures?

What is the maximum operating temperature for unplasticized Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a material of construction?

According to the guide for acceptable corrosion rates in Table 6.3, a uniform corrosion rate of less than 0.01 inches per year (ipy) for carbon steel is considered what?

What is the classic example of intergranular corrosion in a chemical plant mentioned in the text?

Which material is often called a 'metallic glass' due to its corrosion resistance being similar to that of glass, making it suitable for applications where glass-lining is not?

To avoid the formation of explosive acetylides, equipment handling acetylene must avoid pure metals or alloys containing which specific element?

What is the typical tensile strength in N/mm2 for mild steel at room temperature according to Table 6.2?

The cost rating of a material can be calculated to compare material costs. What three variables are used in the Cost rating formula (Equation 6.2)?

What is the primary reason stainless steels are preferred in biological processes like fermentation?

In the Galvanic series in sea water shown in Table 6.4, which of the following is at the noble (most protected) end?

Which of the following is NOT one of the necessary conditions for stress corrosion cracking to occur?

What is the typical specific gravity of Nickel (>99 percent Ni) according to Table 6.2?

Low-carbon steel is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in certain environments. In which two specific environments is it suitable for use?

What is the primary advantage of using a low-carbon version of stainless steel, such as Type 304L or 316L?

Which class of stainless steels, divided according to microstructure, is most widely used in the chemical industry for corrosion resistance?

What is the typical maximum allowable stress in ksi for carbon steel (A285 plate) at a temperature of 500 degrees F, according to Table 6.7?

Pure copper is not widely used for chemical equipment, but its main alloys, brasses and bronzes, are. What are the respective primary alloying elements for brass and bronze?

Titanium's corrosion resistance depends on the formation of an oxide film. It is rapidly attacked by dry chlorine, but this attack can be prevented by the presence of a very low concentration of what substance?

Which material is particularly suitable for use with sulfuric acid at all concentrations and temperatures but is also very brittle?

What is the relative cost of GRP epoxy compared to polyethylene on a volumetric basis, according to Table 6.8?

What type of material has a rigid, cross-linked structure, with polyester and epoxy resins being key examples?

According to the text, which synthetic rubber has good resistance to strongly oxidizing chemicals like nitric acid?

What is the primary composition of the highest-quality refractory bricks used in load-bearing structures at high temperatures?

What is the primary purpose of giving stainless steel a high finish by abrasive blasting and mechanical polishing in the food and pharmaceutical industries?

Which material is used for handling caustic alkalis at temperatures above 70 degrees C, where carbon steel is no longer suitable and stainless steel might be subject to corrosion cracking?

What happens to the tensile strength and elastic modulus of metals like low-carbon steel as temperature increases?

In the context of the fabrication properties of common metals in Table 6.1, how is the 'Welding' property of Cast iron rated?

Duplex and super-duplex stainless steels were developed for what type of environment and have better corrosion resistance than austenitic stainless steels?

What is a major design consideration for equipment made of lead, due to its material properties at room temperature?

What is the relative cost rating for Monel (N04400) according to Table 6.5, which compares costs based on price, density, and allowable stress?

For low-temperature equipment like cryogenic plants, why are austenitic stainless steels or aluminum alloys specified over carbon steels?

The Hastelloy range of alloys was developed primarily for corrosion resistance to what type of substance?

What is the primary difference between uniform corrosion and pitting?

What is the typical Tensile strength in N/mm2 of GRP epoxy, a glass-fiber-reinforced plastic, according to Table 6.8?

What is the primary reason for using impervious carbon in specialized equipment like heat exchangers?

What type of test, such as the Charpy test, is used to assess the susceptibility of materials to brittle failure at low temperatures?

If dissimilar metals must be used together in an electrolyte, what should be done to avoid galvanic corrosion?

In addition to a high chromium content, what element is added to Type 309 and 310 stainless steels to give greater resistance to oxidation at high temperatures?

Which material lacks mechanical strength on its own but has higher corrosion resistance than its alloys, leading to its use as a cladding on Duralumin plates?

According to Table 6.2, what is the Brinell hardness range for Cast iron?

What is the primary drawback of using the CSTR model for reactor simulation?

When comparing the cost of a stainless steel storage tank to a carbon steel one, what is the typical ratio of purchased costs according to the text?

What is the primary limitation of glass-fiber-reinforced plastics (GRP) in terms of chemical resistance?

What is the phenomenon where metals that are normally ductile fail in a brittle manner at low temperatures (less than 10 C)?

What is the typical value for the Modulus of elasticity in kN/mm2 for Titanium according to Table 6.2?

How can weld decay in stainless steel, a form of intergranular corrosion, be avoided?

What material is described as being used for the storage and distribution of demineralized water and is also widely used in the textile and food industries to avoid contamination?

What is the key difference between corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking?

What is the primary factor that determines the quality of refractory bricks composed of silica and alumina?