Learning Module 7 Company Analysis: Forecasting
50 questions available
Key Points
- Select forecast objects that are regularly disclosed or derivable from disclosures.
- Four approaches: historical results, base-rate convergence, management guidance, analyst discretion.
- Forecast horizon depends on investor objective, industry cyclicality, company events.
Key Points
- Use both top-down (market growth and share) and bottom-up (volumes, prices) drivers.
- Separate recurring revenue from non-recurring items; forecast price and volume drivers when inputs are volatile.
- Cross-check revenue forecasts with market-size and share implications.
Capital expenditures should be separated into maintenance CAPEX (often proxied by depreciation and amortization) and growth CAPEX (tied to expansion plans such as new stores, factories, or network capacity). Maintenance CAPEX is often forecast as a function of depreciation or fixed-asset turnover; growth CAPEX is discretionary and linked to strategy. Capital structure forecasts consider historical leverage, management targets (debt/EBITDA, credit rating), and the free-cash-flow profile—debt may be modeled as target leverage times forecast EBITDA, with incremental borrowing or repayments implied by cash flows and dividend/share buyback policy.
Key Points
- Forecast COGS as percent of sales; decompose when input prices are volatile.
- Use efficiency ratios (DSO, DOH, DPO) to forecast working capital balances.
- Split CAPEX into maintenance (proxy: depreciation) and growth; forecast debt using target leverage ratios.
Practical guidance: use forecast objects that are verifiable and disclosed regularly; avoid unnecessary model complexity; cross-check top-down and bottom-up forecasts; separate non-recurring from recurring items; be explicit about assumptions and report sensitivity ranges; and select modeling approach (historical, base-rate convergence, guidance, or discretion) suited to the company’s industry, maturity, and disclosure quality. Examples throughout the chapter (Warehouse Club, Iliso Marketplace, YY Ltd., Siemens, IBM, Microsoft) illustrate application of concepts: revenue drivers, gross margin sensitivity to input costs, working capital via efficiency ratios, CAPEX estimation from depreciation, and scenario-based EPS and margin sensitivity.
Key Points
- Build multiple scenarios for key risk factors and test sensitivity of outputs.
- Keep models as simple as possible and focus on verifiable drivers.
- Document assumptions and present ranges rather than single-point forecasts when uncertainty is high.
Questions
Which of the following is a recommended forecast object when preparing a financial model for a publicly listed retailer with regular quarterly disclosures?
View answer and explanationAn analyst is forecasting revenue for a mature retail company. Which forecast approach is most appropriate if the analyst expects no material changes in industry structure or the company's competitive position?
View answer and explanationWhich top-down revenue driver would an analyst use to estimate a retail company's sales if they plan to relate company growth to macro trends?
View answer and explanationWhen forecasting revenue for a marketplace platform that reports GMV and separates retailer sales from third-party merchant sales, what must an analyst do to convert GMV into recognized revenue?
View answer and explanationWhich statement about non-recurring items in revenue forecasting is most accurate?
View answer and explanationWhich method is most commonly recommended to forecast maintenance capital expenditures?
View answer and explanationWhen forecasting working capital using efficiency ratios, which of these formulations is correct for Days Inventory on Hand (DOH)?
View answer and explanationAn analyst forecasts revenue growth of 10 percent next year but input commodity prices are expected to rise 30 percent. If the company can pass through only 15 percent of the input increase to selling prices and expects volume to change, which forecast approach is most appropriate to forecast gross margin next year?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is TRUE about using management guidance in forecasts?
View answer and explanationWhen projecting SG&A expenses, which practice is recommended in the chapter?
View answer and explanationAn analyst uses DSO = 15 days, DOH = 70 days, and DPO = 120 days. If next-year revenues are forecast at 365,000 and COGS at 240,000, what is the projected accounts receivable balance (rounded)?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following best describes the difference between maintenance and growth CAPEX forecasts?
View answer and explanationAn analyst forecasts EBITDA of 200 million next year and management targets a gross-debt-to-EBITDA ratio of 2.0. What gross debt does this imply?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following signals suggests an analyst should use an analyst-discretionary forecast rather than a historical-results approach?
View answer and explanationAn analyst forecasts Iliso Marketplace's GMV growth by assuming national retail sales grow 3.4% and Iliso’s share of that market increases by 2 basis points. Which type of forecast object is being used?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is a correct reason to forecast operating expenses on an aggregated basis rather than disaggregating every cost line?
View answer and explanationIf a company's inventory turnover is expected to increase because the product mix shifts toward perishable groceries, which working capital metric will most likely change and how?
View answer and explanationIn Example 2 (YY Ltd.), what is the correct method to compute accounts payable given DPO and COGS?
View answer and explanationAn analyst wants to estimate long-term maintenance CAPEX for a company with aging fixed assets. Which approach from the chapter is most sensible?
View answer and explanationWhich statement best captures the chapter's guidance on model complexity?
View answer and explanationIn the Iliso Marketplace case, third-party merchant take rate is 15 percent. If third-party GMV is forecast at 2,500 million, how much revenue will Iliso recognize from third-party fees?
View answer and explanationWhich approach to forecasting is least appropriate for a company in a fast-changing technological industry with few comparable peers?
View answer and explanationWhat is the main advantage of using efficiency ratios (DSO, DOH, DPO) in working capital forecasting?
View answer and explanationAn analyst expects a company's DSO to fall from 45 days to 30 days as it improves collections. How will this affect accounts receivable if next year's revenue is forecast at 365 million?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is the best approach to model SG&A for a five-year horizon when detailed segment cost data are not available?
View answer and explanationAn analyst uses depreciation to estimate maintenance CAPEX. Which caveat from the chapter should the analyst remember?
View answer and explanationWhich scenario analysis practice does the chapter recommend when uncertainty is high?
View answer and explanationIn the tablet vs PC cannibalization example, which key concept is used to estimate the impact on PC shipments?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is a primary reason analysts split CAPEX into maintenance and growth when forecasting?
View answer and explanationIf an analyst's revenue forecast grows faster in higher-margin segments than in lower-margin segments, what is the expected effect on overall operating margin?
View answer and explanationWhich forecasting object is least appropriate for an analyst valuing a bank?
View answer and explanationWhen might an analyst choose to forecast net working capital as a percent of sales rather than by efficiency ratios?
View answer and explanationWhich of these statements about using industry base rates and convergence in forecasts is consistent with the chapter?
View answer and explanationAn analyst wants to test how a 2 percent reduction in gross margin impacts operating income over a three-year forecast. According to the chapter, what is a suitable approach?
View answer and explanationIf management suspends guidance during high uncertainty, which forecasting approach does the chapter recommend using instead?
View answer and explanationWhen estimating revenue for a retailer, which bottom-up driver is most appropriate if the retailer discloses same-store (comps) sales?
View answer and explanationWhich element makes working capital forecasts particularly uncertain for industries dominated by small private firms, according to the chapter?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is true about forecasting gross margin for an airline facing volatile jet fuel costs with no hedging program?
View answer and explanationIf a company is transitioning from rapid growth to mature growth, which forecasting model for dividends does the chapter find most appropriate?
View answer and explanationWhich of these is an advantage of using FCFE (free cash flow to equity) over DDM (dividend discount model) for valuation?
View answer and explanationIn preparing a forecast for Warehouse Club Inc., the analyst finds the company’s SG&A as percent of sales is materially lower than the industry average because of its cost-leadership model. According to the chapter, what is the analyst’s best action?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following describes a valid use of management guidance in forecasting CAPEX?
View answer and explanationAccording to the chapter, what is the recommended treatment of non-cash stock-based compensation in cash-flow based forecasts?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is the chapter's recommended first step when a major competitor announces a large acquisition likely to alter market shares?
View answer and explanationWhich datapoint is most useful to calibrate a forecast of a company's maintenance CAPEX in absence of explicit disclosures?
View answer and explanationHow should an analyst treat a large, clearly-identified one-time legal settlement in the income statement when building forward operating forecasts?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following is TRUE regarding the selection of forecast horizon?
View answer and explanationWhich of these is an example of a capacity-based bottom-up revenue driver?
View answer and explanationAn analyst is forecasting a multi-year restoration of profitability after a structural downturn. Which forecast approach combination does the chapter suggest is likely to be most useful?
View answer and explanationWhich of the following best describes the chapter's recommendation about documenting assumptions in forecasts?
View answer and explanation