Learning Module 2 Security Market Indexes

50 questions available

Definition, Returns, and Multi-period Linking5 min
A security market index is a portfolio representation intended to reflect the performance of a target market, market segment, or asset class. Indexes exist in both price-return form (reflecting only price changes of constituents) and total-return form (reflecting price changes plus reinvested income such as dividends or interest). The price-return index value is the sum of (number of units times price) divided by a divisor. Single-period price return can be computed either as the percent change in index value or as the weighted average of constituent price returns. Total return equals price appreciation plus income divided by beginning index value and also equals a weighted average of constituents' total returns. Multi-period values are obtained by geometrically linking periodic returns.

Key Points

  • Price-return indexes reflect only price changes; total-return indexes include reinvested income.
  • Price-return index value uses a divisor to scale values and adjust for non-price events.
  • Index single-period return can be calculated as change in index value or weighted average of constituent returns.
  • Multi-period index values are formed by geometrically linking periodic returns.
Index Construction and Weighting Methods5 min
Index construction requires decisions about the target market and investment universe, constituent selection rules, weighting method, rebalancing frequency, and reconstitution policy. Common weighting methods include price weighting (weights proportional to share prices), equal weighting (each security same weight), market-capitalization weighting (weights proportional to market value and often float-adjusted), and fundamental weighting (weights based on non-price fundamentals such as book value, earnings, or dividends). Each method carries trade-offs: price weighting is simple but arbitrary and sensitive to stock splits; equal weighting requires frequent rebalancing and overweights small names; market-cap weighting aligns holdings with market value but tends to overweight recent winners (momentum effect); fundamental weighting produces a value tilt and rebalances toward stocks with higher fundamental-to-price ratios.

Key Points

  • Target market and constituent selection define the index universe.
  • Price, equal, market-cap (float-adjusted), and fundamental weightings are commonly used.
  • Price-weighted indexes need divisor adjustments for corporate actions like splits.
  • Fundamentally weighted indexes tend to tilt toward value characteristics.
Index Management, Uses, and Types5 min
Rebalancing maintains target weights and is normally done on a schedule (quarterly typical), while reconstitution changes the list of constituents to reflect eligibility criteria; reconstitution events can cause substantial trading and price impact (index membership effects). Indexes are used as gauges of market sentiment, proxies for systematic risk and asset-class returns in asset allocation and performance evaluation, benchmarks for active managers, and model portfolios for passive products like index mutual funds and ETFs. Equity index types include broad-market, multi-market (regional or global), sector, and style indexes (size and value/growth splits). Fixed-income indexing faces additional challenges: far more issues, less frequent trading, dealer-based markets, and estimated pricing, so replication and liquidity can be harder than for equities. Commodity indexes typically track futures contracts and require roll mechanisms that introduce roll yield and distinct return dynamics relative to spot commodity prices. Real estate indexes can be appraisal-based, repeat-sales, or REIT-based; hedge fund indexes depend on voluntary reporting and can suffer from selection and survivorship biases. Good index selection depends on understanding constituents, weighting, rebalancing, and transparency.

Key Points

  • Rebalancing and reconstitution are distinct; reconstitution changes constituents and can move prices.
  • Indexes are used as benchmarks, asset-class proxies, and building blocks for index products.
  • Fixed-income and commodity indexes have special replication and roll issues not present in equity indexes.
  • Choose an index only after understanding its construction, weighting, and reconstitution policies.

Questions

Question 1

What is the primary difference between a price-return index and a total-return index?

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Question 2

How is a price-return index value (VPRI) commonly calculated at a point in time?

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Question 3

If an index provider wants its price-weighted index to remain unchanged when a 2-for-1 stock split occurs in one constituent, what must the provider adjust?

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Question 4

Which weighting method tends to overweight securities that have appreciated recently, producing a momentum-like effect?

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Question 5

An equal-weighted index is rebalanced to target equal weights. Which of the following is a primary consequence of rebalancing?

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Question 6

Which statement best describes float-adjusted market-cap weighting?

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Question 7

Which weighting method is most likely to produce a value tilt in the index?

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Question 8

Which of the following is a primary purpose of reconstitution in index management?

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Question 9

Which index pricing rule do many continuous order-driven markets use to determine trade prices when an arriving order matches standing orders?

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Question 10

What is the principal advantage of a call market compared with a continuous trading market?

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Question 11

Which index pricing method do crossing networks often use when matching buy and sell orders?

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Question 12

Which of the following is a reason an investor would choose a market-cap-weighted index as a benchmark?

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Question 13

An index provider weights countries in a global multi-market index proportionally to GDP rather than to market capitalization. This weighting approach is an example of:

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Question 14

Why might an index provider choose to float-adjust market capitalization rather than use total shares outstanding?

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Question 15

Which pricing rule is commonly used to price trades in a call market auction?

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Question 16

Which of these is the most direct benefit of high transparency in a market?

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Question 17

Which of the following best explains why commodity index returns can differ significantly from spot commodity price changes?

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Question 18

Why are fixed-income indexes often harder for investors to replicate exactly than equity indexes?

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Question 19

Which index type is most appropriate as a benchmark for a global small-cap equity manager?

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Question 20

Which of the following is a common effect of index reconstitution announcements for a widely used index such as the Russell 2000?

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Question 21

An index provider sets the index initial value to 1000. If the index posts two consecutive annual price returns of 5% and 3%, what is the index value at the end of year two?

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Question 22

Which of the following best describes a broad market equity index?

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Question 23

Which index family would an investor use to benchmark a portfolio of European real estate securities?

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Question 24

Which characteristic is most likely to make a stock difficult to include in an index designed for easy replication by investors?

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Question 25

If an index provider wants to minimize turnover from price movements, which weighting method is likely best?

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Question 26

Which of the following best describes 'float' when used in float-adjusted market-cap weighting?

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Question 27

Which of these is NOT a typical index use described in the chapter?

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Question 28

An investor wants an index that minimizes exposure to stocks whose shares are not tradable by foreign investors. Which weighting adjustment should they look for?

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Question 29

Which of the following is true about indices constructed for ETFs?

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Question 30

An index is constructed from the top 3,000 US stocks by market capitalization and aims to represent about 98% of the US equity market. Which index is this most similar to?

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Question 31

Which of these is a practical disadvantage of equal-weighted indexes relative to market-cap weighted indexes?

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Question 32

Which of the following index features is most important for an investor who needs low transaction costs when tracking an index?

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Question 33

What does it mean for an index to be 'transparent' in pre-trade terms?

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Question 34

Which of the following is most likely a reason an index provider would use selection committee judgment rather than mechanical rules when choosing constituents?

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Question 35

An index uses a composite of book value, cash flow, and dividends to weight constituents. This is most consistent with which indexing approach?

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Question 36

What is the main operational advantage of building an ETF on top of an existing well-known index?

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Question 37

Which statement about depository receipts (DRs) is correct?

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Question 38

Which of the following index characteristics tends to increase investors’ ability to track the index at low cost?

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Question 39

Which of the following best captures why market-cap weighting is often used for broad-market indexes?

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Question 40

Suppose an index uses price-weighting. Which corporate action will require a divisor adjustment to keep the index value continuous?

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Question 41

A cross-border investor seeking to eliminate foreign exchange exposure while tracking a foreign equity index could use which of the following products?

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Question 42

Which of the following best explains why hedge-fund indexes may overstate industry returns?

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Question 43

Which of the following index types would most likely include mortgages, asset-backed securities, and corporate bonds together?

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Question 44

A crossing network that executes trades at midpoint prices of the primary exchange best exemplifies which trade pricing rule?

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Question 45

Why might an index provider choose to have a fixed number of constituents in an index (e.g., '100' in an index name)?

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Question 46

In the context of index construction, what is 'rebalancing'?

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Question 47

Which of the following best describes the 'roll yield' mentioned in the chapter in relation to commodity indexes?

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Question 48

Why might a fund manager prefer a float-adjusted market-cap index over a full market-cap index when constructing a global passive fund?

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Question 49

Which of the following index design choices most directly affects how index income (dividends, interest) is reflected in the index return series?

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Question 50

Which of the following best captures a disadvantage of price-weighted indexes compared with market-cap-weighted indexes?

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