Library/CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst)/Financial Statement Analysis/Learning Module 5 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II

Learning Module 5 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows II

50 questions available

Overview and Sources/Uses of Cash5 min
This module describes practical techniques for analyzing and interpreting statements of cash flows to inform valuation and credit assessments. Overview: Analysts should (1) identify major sources and uses of cash in operating, investing, and financing activities; (2) analyze the main drivers of operating cash flow (collections from customers, payments to suppliers and employees, other operating payments, interest, and taxes); (3) evaluate investing cash flows (capital expenditures, acquisitions, disposals) and their funding sources; and (4) evaluate financing cash flows (debt issuance/repayment, equity issuance/repurchases, dividends).

Key Points

  • Evaluate operating, investing, and financing as major sources/uses.
  • Compare CFO to net income to assess earnings quality.
  • Determine whether operating cash flow covers capital expenditures.
Computing Cash Flows and Converting Methods6 min
Converting indirect to direct: If the direct-format operating cash statement is not available, conversion is feasible in three steps: (1) disaggregate net income into revenue and expense aggregates; (2) remove non-cash and non-operating items (e.g., depreciation, gains/losses); (3) convert accrual amounts to cash by adjusting for working capital changes (changes in receivables, inventory, payables, prepaid/ accrued items). Cash receipts and payments: Cash received from customers = Revenue +/- change in accounts receivable (decrease in AR adds to cash receipts; increase reduces). Purchases from suppliers = COGS +/- change in inventory; cash paid to suppliers = purchases +/- change in accounts payable (increase in AP reduces cash paid). Cash paid to employees = salaries expense +/- change in wages payable. Cash paid for interest and taxes adjusts interest expense and tax expense by changes in interest payable and taxes payable/receivable or deferred tax balances.

Key Points

  • Three-step conversion from indirect to direct.
  • Formulas: Cash from customers = Revenue - Increase in AR (or Revenue + Decrease in AR).
  • Cash paid to suppliers = COGS +/- Inventory change - Increase in AP (or plus decrease).
Common-Size Analysis and Ratios5 min
Common-size cash flow statements: Two common approaches — (A) express cash inflows/outflows as a percent of total inflows or outflows respectively and (B) express each cash flow line as a percent of net revenue. The net revenue approach can be useful for forecasting items that scale with sales. Cash-flow ratios: Performance ratios include cash flow to revenue (CFO / Net revenue), cash return on assets (CFO / Avg total assets), and cash to income (CFO / Operating income). Coverage ratios include debt coverage (CFO / Total debt), interest coverage on cash basis (CFO + Interest paid + Taxes paid) / Interest paid, reinvestment ratio (CFO / Cash paid for long-term assets), debt payment (CFO / Cash paid for long-term debt), dividend payment (CFO / Dividends paid) and investing & financing coverage (CFO / Cash outflows for investing and financing).

Key Points

  • Two common-size approaches: inflows/outflows basis and net revenue basis.
  • Important ratios: CFO/Revenue, CFO/Assets, CFO/Total debt, CFO/Dividends.
  • Use coverage ratios to assess solvency and reinvestment capacity.
Free Cash Flow Measures and Practical Application6 min
Free cash flows: FCFF represents cash available to all providers of capital after operating expenses, taxes and investments in working and fixed capital: FCFF = NI + non-cash charges + Interest(1 - tax rate) - FCInv - WCInv. Alternatively FCFF = CFO + Interest(1 - tax rate) - FCInv (if CFO includes interest paid as operating outflow per reporting). FCFE equals cash available to equity holders: FCFE = CFO - FCInv + Net borrowing (or CFO - FCInv - Net debt repayment if net borrowing negative). Positive FCFE indicates capacity to distribute cash to shareholders. Industry and temporal comparisons: Use common-size statements and ratios to compare firms and trends. Beware of classification differences under IFRS and US GAAP for interest and dividends when comparing CFOs.

Key Points

  • FCFF can be derived from CFO with an interest tax shield adjustment.
  • FCFE adds/subtracts net borrowing to/from CFO minus investments.
  • Adjust for accounting classification differences when benchmarking.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the first step analysts should take when evaluating a company's statement of cash flows?

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Question 2

If a company reports revenue of 100 million and accounts receivable increase by 8 million in the year, what is cash received from customers for that year?

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Question 3

A firm's cost of goods sold is 80 million. Inventory decreased by 5 million and accounts payable decreased by 2 million. What is cash paid to suppliers?

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Question 4

Which adjustment is added to net income when converting to operating cash flow under the indirect method?

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Question 5

A company reports net income 5,000, depreciation 800, gain on sale of equipment 200, increase in accounts receivable 300, increase in accounts payable 150. What is net cash provided by operating activities using the indirect method?

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Question 6

When preparing a common-size cash flow statement using the total inflows/total outflows approach, how are operating cash outflows presented?

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Question 7

Which common-size approach is most useful for forecasting cash flows that scale directly with revenue?

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Question 8

Which formula correctly computes free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) starting from cash flow from operations (CFO) when interest paid is included in CFO under the company's reporting?

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Question 9

A company has CFO of 400, interest paid 50, tax rate 30 percent, and capital expenditures (FCInv) of 120. Using the FCFF formula from CFO, what is FCFF?

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Question 10

Which statement about FCFE is correct?

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Question 11

A firm has CFO of 1,200, capital expenditures 500, and repays debt of 300 (no new borrowing). What is FCFE?

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Question 12

Which ratio is most useful to evaluate a company's ability to pay dividends from operating cash flows?

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Question 13

A company's operating cash flow is 600, interest paid is 60, taxes paid is 100. What is the cash-based interest coverage ratio defined as (CFO + Interest paid + Taxes paid) ÷ Interest paid?

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Question 14

When converting an indirect cash flow statement to an approximate direct format, which of the following is the least useful source of information?

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Question 15

Which of these items can be classified differently under IFRS versus US GAAP and therefore should be checked when comparing CFO across firms?

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Question 16

Which of the following is a correct interpretation if a mature company’s operating cash flow consistently exceeds net income?

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Question 17

Company A shows a positive operating cash flow but consistently negative free cash flow to the firm (FCFF). Which is the most likely explanation?

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Question 18

Which ratio would you use to evaluate whether operating cash flows are sufficient to fund capital expenditures?

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Question 19

Company X had net income 200, depreciation 40, increase in AR 20, increase in inventory 30, increase in AP 15. Using indirect method, what is CFO?

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Question 20

Which of the following best describes how an increase in prepaid expenses during the year affects cash paid for operating expenses when converting to the direct method?

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Question 21

Which cash flow category typically includes proceeds from the sale of investments in marketable securities?

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Question 22

A company sold equipment with a book value of 200 for proceeds of 350. How should the gain be treated when preparing the statement of cash flows under the indirect method?

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Question 23

Which of the following best captures the effect of classifying interest paid as financing instead of operating under IFRS when comparing two firms?

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Question 24

When converting an indirect cash flow statement to the direct format, the change in which account would increase 'cash paid to employees' when salary expense is given?

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Question 25

Which of the following is a coverage ratio that measures a company's ability to pay its long-term debt from operating cash flows?

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Question 26

Which of the following statements about the common-size inflows/outflows approach is true?

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Question 27

A firm's cash flow statement using the indirect method shows a gain on sale of equipment of 120 and cash proceeds of 400 in investing activities. Which of the following entries are needed in the operating and investing sections respectively when preparing the indirect method?

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Question 28

Which of the following is the best way to approximate cash paid for income taxes using financial statement information when preparing the direct cash flow format?

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Question 29

Company Y reports CFO of 300 and pays dividends of 150. The company also uses 80 of cash for investing and financing outflows. Which ratio assesses the company's ability to cover investing and financing outflows from operating cash flows?

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Question 30

If accounts receivable decreased by 10 and revenue decreased by 6 in a period, what happened to cash received from customers compared to prior period's revenue (qualitatively)?

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Question 31

Which statement regarding common-size cash flow statements is correct?

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Question 32

A company's accounts payable decreased by 20 during the year. Assuming purchases equal 500, how much cash was paid to suppliers?

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Question 33

Which of the following cash flows is classified as financing activity under US GAAP?

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Question 34

A company reports revenue 1,000, COGS 600, inventory increased by 20, accounts payable increased by 10. What is purchases from suppliers?

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Question 35

Which of the following adjustments would you make to net income under the indirect method when the company records an increase in other accrued liabilities of 25?

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Question 36

Which of the following best describes the primary analytical use of free cash flow measures?

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Question 37

In the common-size net revenue approach, an item shown as -3.00% indicates what when net revenue is 1,000?

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Question 38

When using the direct method reconstructed from indirect data, which of these is a typical sign that more detailed footnote data is required to improve accuracy?

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Question 39

Which of the following is most likely to increase FCFE, holding other items constant?

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Question 40

Which cash flow item is most directly affected by changes in the company's dividend policy?

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Question 41

Which of the following adjustments would an analyst make to reported CFO if the company reports interest paid in financing activities under IFRS but you want FCFF computed consistently?

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Question 42

Which of the following is true about the relationship between net income, depreciation, and CFO for a mature firm?

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Question 43

Company Z's CFO is 900, purchases of equipment are 1,100, proceeds from sale of equipment are 200. What is net cash used for investing activities?

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Question 44

Which of the following is an advantage of preparing a direct-format operating cash flow when available?

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Question 45

In a common-size cash flow (net revenue approach), depreciation expense is shown as 4.5 percent of net revenue of 2,000. What is depreciation expense in cash terms?

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Question 46

Which of these is most important to check when comparing a company's CFO across years before drawing conclusions about trend?

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Question 47

When would an analyst add back a gain on sale of an asset during the indirect reconciliation of CFO?

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Question 48

A company reports net income of 500 and reports an increase in deferred tax liability of 40. Under the indirect method, how should this change be treated in reconciling to CFO?

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Question 49

Which of these best explains why an analyst might prefer direct-format operating cash flow when available?

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Question 50

In the three-step conversion from indirect to direct, which step removes non-operating and non-cash items?

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