Library/CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst)/Financial Statement Analysis/Learning Module 7 Analysis of Long-Term Assets

Learning Module 7 Analysis of Long-Term Assets

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Overview and Intangible Asset Acquisition5 min
This chapter explains recognition, measurement, and analysis of long-lived assets — property, plant and equipment (PPE) and intangible assets. Intangible assets are identifiable non-monetary assets without physical substance; recognition depends on identifiability, control, expected future benefits, and reliable cost measurement. Treatment differs by how the asset is acquired: purchased intangibles are recorded at cost (assumed fair value), internally developed intangibles are generally expensed during research but development costs may be capitalized under IFRS when criteria are met (US GAAP generally expenses R&D but capitalizes certain software development costs). Assets acquired in a business combination are recognized at fair value; any excess purchase price over identifiable net assets is goodwill. Goodwill is not an identifiable intangible under IFRS and US GAAP and is recorded as a separate asset. Capitalized costs of long-lived tangible assets and intangible assets with finite lives are allocated over useful lives via depreciation (PPE) and amortization (intangible finite). Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but are tested at least annually for impairment.

Key Points

  • Intangible recognition: identifiable, control, future benefits, reliable cost.
  • Acquisition method: allocate purchase price to fair value of identifiable assets; excess becomes goodwill.
  • IFRS allows capitalization of development costs when criteria met; US GAAP generally expenses R&D except some software costs.
  • Purchased intangibles recorded at acquisition cost (fair value).
  • Indefinite-life intangibles are not amortized; test annual impairment.
Impairment and Derecognition7 min
Impairment: IFRS defines recoverable amount as the higher of fair value less cost to sell and value in use (present value of expected future cash flows); an impairment loss is carrying amount minus recoverable amount. US GAAP uses a two-step test for assets held for use: first compare carrying amount to undiscounted expected future cash flows for recoverability; if not recoverable, measure impairment as carrying amount minus fair value. Consequently, recognition thresholds and measurement can differ between IFRS and US GAAP. Assets held for sale must meet criteria (available for immediate sale and sale highly probable) and are reclassified; they are measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell and are not depreciated thereafter. IFRS permits reversal of impairment losses for long-lived assets (subject to constraints); US GAAP generally prohibits reversal for assets held for use. Gains or losses on disposal equal proceeds less carrying amount and are disclosed.

Key Points

  • IFRS impairment measurement = carrying amount minus recoverable amount (max of FV less costs to sell and value in use).
  • US GAAP impairment for held-for-use uses undiscounted cash flows test; measurement uses fair value when impaired.
  • Assets held for sale measured at lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell; no depreciation thereafter.
  • IFRS allows reversal of impairment (with limits); US GAAP generally prohibits reversal for held-for-use assets.
  • Gain/(loss) on sale = proceeds minus carrying amount.
Business Combinations and Goodwill5 min
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The acquirer measures and allocates the purchase price to identifiable assets and liabilities at fair value; any excess is recognized as goodwill. Analysts should focus on the nature of acquired intangibles and the types of assets acquired more than the precise allocations because valuation requires judgment. Goodwill arises for non-identifiable synergies, assembled workforce, and acquisition premiums; goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment at least annually. Disclosures typically include provisional allocations, nature of major intangible assets acquired, and goodwill by cash-generating units.

Key Points

  • Acquisition method: allocate purchase price to fair values; excess = goodwill.
  • Goodwill reflects non-identifiable benefits (synergies, workforce, premiums).
  • Goodwill is not amortized; annual impairment testing required.
  • Analysts should review types of acquired intangibles and sensitivity in goodwill testing.
Depreciation, Asset Age, and Analysis5 min
Capitalized costs of long-lived tangible assets and intangible assets with finite lives are allocated over useful lives via depreciation and amortization. Analysts use measures to assess reinvestment needs: fixed-asset turnover (revenue/average net PPE), estimated asset age (accumulated depreciation ÷ depreciation expense), estimated remaining life (net PPE ÷ depreciation expense), and estimated total useful life (historical cost ÷ annual depreciation). Compare capex to depreciation to assess replacement rate. Revaluation model (IFRS permitted) affects comparability with cost-model accounting (US GAAP).

Key Points

  • Depreciation/amortization methods affect earnings timing and ratios.
  • Asset age ≈ accumulated depreciation ÷ annual depreciation expense.
  • Remaining life ≈ net PPE ÷ annual depreciation expense.
  • Fixed-asset turnover = revenue ÷ average net PPE; higher = more efficient use.
Disclosures and Sensitivity5 min
IFRS and US GAAP require extensive disclosures for long-lived assets and impairment. Key disclosures include accounting policies, by-class gross carrying amounts and accumulated depreciation/amortization, reconciliation of carrying amounts, useful lives and methods, impairment losses and reversals (IFRS), and sensitivity assumptions used in value-in-use models (discount rates, terminal growth). For acquisitions, disclose allocation of purchase price, major intangible categories, and goodwill. Analysts should review note details and sensitivity analyses to judge impairment risk and to model valuation scenarios.

Key Points

  • Disclose accounting policies, useful lives, methods, gross and accumulated balances.
  • Disclose impairment losses, reversals (IFRS), and events leading to those decisions.
  • Disclose assumptions and sensitivity (discount rate and terminal growth) used in impairment testing.
  • Reconciliations and detailed notes aid analyst adjustment and forecasting.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes when an intangible asset developed internally may be capitalized under IFRS?

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Question 2

When one company acquires another under the acquisition method, how is goodwill determined?

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Question 3

Which statement most accurately distinguishes IFRS and US GAAP impairment tests for long-lived assets held and used?

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Question 4

A company prepares annual impairment tests for an indefinite-lived trademark. Under IFRS, how is impairment determined for this intangible?

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Question 5

Which of the following costs are most likely expensed immediately under IFRS during the research phase of an internal project?

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Question 6

Under the acquisition method, which of the following is true about identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination?

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Question 7

A company has an asset with carrying amount GBP18,000, undiscounted expected future cash flows GBP19,000, present value of expected future cash flows GBP16,000, fair value if sold GBP17,000 and costs to sell GBP2,000. Under IFRS, what is the impairment loss, if any?

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Question 8

Under US GAAP when testing a tangible asset held for use for impairment, what initial step is required?

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Question 9

Which of the following is NOT typical disclosure required by IFRS for a class of property, plant, and equipment?

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Question 10

Which accounting model for intangible assets permits reversing an impairment loss if recoverable amount later increases?

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Question 11

A company classifies an asset as 'held for sale' under IFRS. Which of the following is true upon reclassification?

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Question 12

When a company sells a long-lived asset, the gain or loss is computed as:

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Question 13

Which ratio is best for assessing how much revenue a firm generates from its investment in fixed assets?

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Question 14

Given straight-line depreciation with zero salvage, how can an analyst estimate average asset age from financial statement data?

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Question 15

Which disclosure element helps an analyst evaluate sensitivity of goodwill impairment tests?

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Question 16

When a company capitalizes development costs for internal-use software under US GAAP, which of the following statements is accurate?

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Question 17

Which statement about goodwill is correct under IFRS?

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Question 18

A company increases its allowance for inventory obsolescence. Which of the following immediate effects is most likely true assuming write-downs are recorded in cost of sales?

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Question 19

Under IFRS, which of the following statements about reversal of prior inventory write-downs is correct?

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Question 20

Which of the following best describes the accounting for acquisition-related intangible assets in a business combination?

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Question 21

Which of the following changes would most likely result in an increase in net PPE remaining useful life estimate?

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Question 22

Which disclosure is most helpful in evaluating whether reported fixed assets will require high near-term capital reinvestment?

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Question 23

A company discloses it capitalized borrowing costs during construction of a factory. Which immediate effect would this capitalization have on its financial statements relative to expensing those borrowing costs?

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Question 24

Which of the following is a key analytical reason to review the notes to the financial statements when assessing long-lived assets?

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Question 25

Which accounting outcome is most likely if a firm performs an impairment test and finds the carrying amount exceeds recoverable amount under IFRS?

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Question 26

When analyzing PPE age estimates, why should an analyst exclude land when possible?

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Question 27

Which of the following is true about impairment of assets classified as 'held for sale'?

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Question 28

If a company reports a large goodwill balance and significant negative sensitivity to a 1% increase in discount rate in its impairment note, what should an analyst conclude?

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Question 29

A company has a PPE balance reported under revaluation model (IFRS). Which analytical warning applies when comparing this firm to competitors using cost model (US GAAP)?

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Question 30

Which of the following is true about the accounting for internally developed patents under IFRS versus US GAAP?

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Question 31

Which of the following best explains why analysts often focus on type of intangibles acquired (brands, customer lists, technology) rather than exact fair value allocations after an acquisition?

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Question 32

A company's fixed-asset turnover is declining while depreciation expense is steady and capex has fallen below depreciation. Which interpretation is most consistent?

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Question 33

Which of the following is true about impairment losses recognized on PPE under IFRS?

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Question 34

A firm reports significant additions to intangible assets under 'assets acquired in business combinations.' What analysis should an analyst perform?

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Question 35

Which of the following most likely indicates aggressive accounting related to long-lived assets?

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Question 36

Which action by management would most likely increase the probability that a deferred tax liability is effectively a future cash outflow (i.e., should be treated as debt rather than equity in analysis)?

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Question 37

Which disclosure would best allow an analyst to estimate how much of an acquired company's purchase price was allocated to brands with indefinite lives?

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Question 38

How does an impairment loss on PPE affect reported cash flow from operations under the indirect method?

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Question 39

Which of these is NOT required in IFRS disclosures for an intangible asset with an indefinite life?

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Question 40

Which measure indicates the number of years of remaining economic life of a company's asset base using year-end financial statement amounts?

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Question 41

During a business combination, the acquirer allocates purchase consideration to identifiable intangible assets. Which valuation approaches are commonly used for brands with indefinite lives?

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Question 42

Which of the following changes would most directly increase a company's reported depreciation expense in the next period?

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Question 43

Which statement about amortization of intangible assets with finite lives is correct?

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Question 44

An analyst finds a company has recognized a large impairment loss and simultaneously increased its allowance for doubtful accounts significantly. Which combined interpretation is most consistent?

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Question 45

Which of the following is the best reason an analyst would add back an impairment charge when computing adjusted EBITDA?

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Question 46

Which of the following is the most appropriate analyst action when an acquirer records a very large amount of goodwill from a recent acquisition?

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Question 47

Which of the following items would typically be included in the reconciliation of carrying amounts of property, plant, and equipment in the notes to financial statements?

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Question 48

In impairment testing, which of the following best defines 'value in use'?

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Question 49

Which of the following is a required disclosure for intangible assets under US GAAP that is explicitly emphasized?

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Question 50

Which of the following best captures why an analyst should adjust financial statements when comparing companies with different capitalization policies for development costs?

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