Library/CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst)/Financial Statement Analysis/Learning Module 4 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I

Learning Module 4 Analyzing Statements of Cash Flows I

49 questions available

Overview and Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows5 min
The statement of cash flows reconciles beginning and ending cash, classifies cash inflows and outflows into operating, investing, and financing activities, and provides information essential for evaluating liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility. It complements the accrual-based income statement and the point-in-time balance sheet. Analysts use it to detect accounting inconsistencies and to forecast cash available for debt service, capital expenditure, and distributions.

Key Points

  • Statement of cash flows links beginning and ending cash balances.
  • Classifies cash flows into operating, investing, financing.
  • Essential for assessing liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility.
Direct and Indirect Methods for Operating Cash Flows6 min
The direct method reports gross cash receipts and payments (cash from customers, cash paid to suppliers, cash paid to employees, interest paid, taxes paid). The indirect method reconciles net income to operating cash flow by adjusting for non-cash items (depreciation, amortization, gains/losses) and changes in working capital. Investing and financing sections are identical under both methods. Indirect method is most commonly used in practice; conversion to approximate direct format is possible through a three-step process.

Key Points

  • Direct method shows cash receipts and payments by category.
  • Indirect method starts from net income and adjusts for non-cash and working capital changes.
  • Investing and financing sections do not vary by method.
Computing Cash Collections and Cash Payments8 min
Cash received from customers equals revenue adjusted by change in accounts receivable. Cash paid to suppliers is derived from cost of goods sold adjusted for changes in inventory and accounts payable. Cash paid to employees adjusts salary expense by change in wages payable. Cash paid for interest and taxes adjusts interest expense and tax expense by related payable changes. Examples demonstrate step-by-step computations using income statement and comparative balance sheet data.

Key Points

  • Cash received from customers = Revenue - Increase in accounts receivable (or + decrease).
  • Cash paid to suppliers = COGS + Increase in inventory - Increase in accounts payable (with sign adjustments).
  • Adjust salary/interest/tax expense by related payables to compute cash paid amounts.
Investing and Financing Cash Flows and Asset Disposals6 min
Investing cash flows include purchases and sales of long-lived assets; proceeds from sales are computed by analyzing gross asset and accumulated depreciation movements and recognizing gains/losses. Financing cash flows show debt issuances/repayments, equity issuances/repurchases, and dividends paid (which can be inferred from retained earnings movement). Capital expenditures are investing outflows. Correct presentation and classification are important for analysis.

Key Points

  • Investing flows record cash paid for capex and cash proceeds from asset sales.
  • Sale proceeds = book value + gain (where book value = historical cost - accumulated depreciation or adjusted carrying value).
  • Financing flows include borrowing, repayments, equity transactions, and dividends.
Conversion from Indirect to Direct and Common-Size Cash Flow Analysis6 min
Analysts can approximate a direct-format cash flow statement from the indirect-format using a three-step conversion: disaggregate net income into revenues and expenses, remove non-cash/non-operating items, and convert accrual amounts to cash amounts by adjusting for working capital changes. Common-size cash flow statements can be prepared using either percentages of total inflows/outflows or percentages of net revenue. These formats facilitate cross-sectional and time-series analysis and aid forecasting.

Key Points

  • Three-step conversion yields approximate direct-format operating cash flows.
  • Common-size cash flows: percentage of totals or percentage of net revenue.
  • Useful for trend analysis and forecasting.
Free Cash Flow Measures and Cash Flow Ratios6 min
Free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) is cash available to all capital providers after operating expenses and investments: FCFF = CFO + Interest*(1 - tax rate) - Capex (or from net income add back noncash charges and after-tax interest and subtract investments). Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) = CFO - Capex + Net borrowing. Cash-flow-based ratios include CFO/Revenue, CFO/Assets, CFO/Equity, CFO/Total debt, (CFO + Interest + Taxes)/Interest, CFO/Capex, and CFO/Dividends; these assess performance, reinvestment capacity, and solvency.

Key Points

  • FCFF and FCFE are important for valuation and distribution capacity.
  • CFO-based ratios measure operating cash productivity and coverage.
  • Ratios must be interpreted considering accounting classification differences.
IFRS Versus US GAAP Differences4 min
Key classification differences between IFRS and US GAAP include treatment of interest paid/received and dividends paid/received; IFRS allows these items to be classified either as operating or investing/financing in some cases, whereas US GAAP is generally prescriptive: interest and dividends received are operating, interest paid is operating, and dividends paid are financing. Income tax cash flows are normally operating but can be allocated if clearly attributable to investing/financing under IFRS. Both frameworks require disclosure of tax cash flow amounts.

Key Points

  • IFRS allows more flexibility in classifying interest/dividends between categories.
  • US GAAP prescribes interest/dividends classification (generally operating).
  • Tax cash flows are disclosed under both frameworks; IFRS permits some allocation.
Worked Examples and Practice Problems6 min
The chapter contains multiple worked examples and practice questions covering cash received from customers, cash paid to suppliers and employees, cash paid for interest and taxes, conversion between indirect and direct methods, computing sale proceeds for disposed long-lived assets, determining capital expenditures and dividends from balance sheet movements, classification differences under IFRS and US GAAP, and computing FCFF, FCFE, and cash-flow-based ratios. These examples demonstrate the step-by-step application of accounting linkages among statements.

Key Points

  • Practice problems reinforce methodology for computing cash flow line items.
  • Examples illustrate how to infer investing and financing cash flows from balance sheet changes.
  • Problems include classification differences between IFRS and US GAAP.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the statement of cash flows?

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Question 2

Under the direct method, how is cash received from customers derived using income statement and balance sheet data?

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Question 3

Acme Corp reports revenue of 100, accounts receivable at the beginning of the year of 12 and ending accounts receivable of 20. Using the direct method, cash received from customers equals:

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Question 4

To compute cash paid to suppliers for a merchandising company in a period, which formula is correct?

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Question 5

A company has Cost of Goods Sold of 500, inventory increase of 40, and accounts payable increase of 10. What is cash paid to suppliers?

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Question 6

Under the indirect method, which of the following items is subtracted from net income when reconciling to net cash provided by operating activities?

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Question 7

Which of the following is added back to net income under the indirect method?

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Question 8

If a company reports interest paid in the financing section under IFRS, what adjustment (if any) should the analyst make when computing FCFF (free cash flow to the firm)?

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Question 9

Acme received a 100 cash sale of equipment that had cost 250 with accumulated depreciation 160 and a gain on sale of 10 reported on the income statement. Which of the following is the correct reconciliation for cash flows from investing activities for the sale?

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Question 10

Which of the following statements about investing activities is correct?

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Question 11

A company reports net income of 50, depreciation of 10, an increase in accounts receivable of 6, increase in inventory of 4, increase in accounts payable of 5, and a gain on sale of equipment of 3. Under the indirect method, net cash provided by operating activities is:

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Question 12

Which of the following is a required reconciliation or disclosure when a company presents operating cash flows using the direct method?

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Question 13

A company purchased equipment for cash of 200 during the year and sold other equipment at a cash inflow of 60. How should these items be presented on the statement of cash flows?

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Question 14

Which statement about classification of interest and dividends is correct under US GAAP and IFRS?

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Question 15

Company X invests 100,000 in a fixed-income security with semiannual coupon and receives a coupon payment of 2,500 after six months. The market value of the security increases by 2,000 in that period. Under the fair value through profit and loss classification, how much impact is recorded in profit for the six-month period (ignore taxes)?

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Question 16

Which of the following methods will typically require the most reconciliation work to produce a direct-method operating cash flow schedule when only indirect data are available?

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Question 17

When converting from indirect to direct method, which of these signs of working capital changes indicates a cash source (i.e., added back to net income)?

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Question 18

Which of the following formulas is an acceptable way to compute free cash flow to the firm (FCFF)?

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Question 19

Which cash flow ratio best indicates a firm’s ability to meet interest obligations using operating cash flow?

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Question 20

A firm reports CFO of 300, capital expenditures of 120, and net debt repayment of 40. What is free cash flow to equity (FCFE)?

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Question 21

Which common-size cash flow presentation expresses each inflow as a percentage of total cash inflows and each outflow as a percentage of total cash outflows?

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Question 22

An analyst wants to forecast capital expenditures as a percent of revenue. Which common-size approach is most helpful?

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Question 23

Which of these is NOT a cash flow coverage ratio discussed in the chapter?

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Question 24

Which of the following most directly indicates the company’s ability to pay dividends from operating cash flow?

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Question 25

Which of the following is true about the effect of a non-cash impairment loss on the statement of cash flows?

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Question 26

A company reports an increase in accounts payable of 30 during the period. Under the direct format operating cash flow schedule, how should this change be treated when deriving cash paid to suppliers?

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Question 27

Which of the following cash flow statement items is commonly used to compute free cash flow to equity (FCFE)?

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Question 28

During a period, a fixed-income security classified as 'available-for-sale' under old US GAAP has an unrealized holding gain. Where is this gain reported before realization?

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Question 29

An analyst is reconciling net income to operating cash flow under the indirect method. Which of these adjustments correctly treats a reversal of an earlier impairment that was recorded in prior periods?

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Question 30

When computing cash paid for income taxes for the period, which balance sheet changes are relevant?

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Question 31

Which of the following best describes a LIFO liquidation and its potential effect on cost of goods sold and gross profit?

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Question 32

Which cash flow classification is most commonly used for dividends paid under US GAAP?

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Question 33

Which of the following items is most likely classified as an investing activity under both IFRS and US GAAP?

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Question 34

Company P purchased inventory of 50 on credit and later paid cash of 35 to suppliers during the period. How should these two transactions be reported in the statement of cash flows (direct method)?

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Question 35

Which of the following statements about noncash investing and financing activities is correct?

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Question 36

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the three-step process to approximate the direct method from the indirect method?

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Question 37

Which of the following is the correct effect on the cash flow statement when a company repurchases its own common stock for cash?

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Question 38

Which of the following adjustments is needed in the indirect method when a company records amortization of bond premium during the period?

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Question 39

A company's net income is 120, depreciation expense is 20, and it recorded a noncash gain on sale of equipment of 8. Change in working capital: increase in AR 5, increase in inventory 10, decrease in AP 3. What is net cash provided by operating activities (indirect method)?

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Question 40

Which of the following describes how dividends paid can be computed using balance sheet and income statement data?

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Question 41

A company has CFO of 90, capex of 60, issued 40 of new debt and repaid 10 of old debt. What is the net cash effect of financing activities and free cash flow to the firm (FCFF = CFO + Int*(1 - t) - Capex, assume interest in CFO already included so skip Int adjustment)?

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Question 42

Under IFRS, which of the following classifications is allowed for interest paid?

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Question 43

If an entity classifies an investment as 'held to maturity' under older US GAAP, how are unrealized gains recognized in the financial statements before sale?

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Question 44

Which of the following would cause cash from operations (CFO) to be larger than net income consistently for a mature, stable company?

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Question 45

A company reports a significant increase in cash and cash equivalents during the year despite reporting a net loss. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

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Question 46

Which of the following is most important to check when converting an indirect-format cash flow to a direct-format approximation?

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Question 47

Which of the following is a reason an analyst might prefer the direct method operating cash flow presentation over the indirect method?

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Question 48

When a company classifies a portion of its marketable securities as 'available-for-sale' under older US GAAP, which financial statement element is directly affected by unrealized gains or losses?

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Question 49

If a firm reports an unrealized holding gain on a trading security under either US GAAP or IFRS, where will the gain appear?

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