Capitalization vs. Expensing10 min
Expenditures are capitalized if they provide future economic benefits over multiple periods; otherwise, they are expensed. Capitalizing delays expense recognition, increasing current net income and equity compared to expensing. Capitalized costs are reported as investing cash outflows, whereas expensed costs are operating cash outflows. Interest incurred during construction is capitalized, improving the interest coverage ratio relative to expensing.

Key Points

  • Capitalizing increases current assets, equity, and operating cash flow compared to expensing.
  • Capitalized interest is treated as an investing outflow; interest expense is an operating outflow (U.S. GAAP).
  • Subsequent expenditures that extend asset life or improve productivity are capitalized; maintenance is expensed.
Depreciation and Amortization15 min
Depreciation allocates the cost of tangible assets over their useful lives. Straight-line results in constant expense, while accelerated methods recognize higher expense initially. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized; those with indefinite lives (e.g., goodwill) are not amortized but tested for impairment annually. IFRS requires internally generated research costs to be expensed, while development costs may be capitalized under specific criteria.

Key Points

  • Straight-line depreciation: (Cost - Salvage) / Useful Life.
  • Double-declining balance applies a rate to the beginning book value and ignores salvage value until the end.
  • Longer useful lives or higher salvage values decrease depreciation expense and increase income.
  • IFRS requires component depreciation; U.S. GAAP does not.
Impairment and Revaluation15 min
Impairment reflects a decline in asset value below its carrying amount. IFRS tests for impairment by comparing carrying value to the recoverable amount. U.S. GAAP uses a two-step process: recoverability (undiscounted cash flows) followed by measurement (fair value). The revaluation model under IFRS allows carrying assets at fair value, impacting equity and potentially net income.

Key Points

  • IFRS Impairment: Carrying Value > Recoverable Amount (Higher of Fair Value less costs to sell or Value in Use).
  • U.S. GAAP Impairment: Carrying Value > Undiscounted Future Cash Flows.
  • IFRS allows impairment reversals; U.S. GAAP prohibits them for assets held for use.
  • Revaluation Model (IFRS): Increases go to Revaluation Surplus (equity) unless reversing a prior loss.
Disclosures and Analysis10 min
Financial statement disclosures allow analysts to estimate the age profile of a firm's assets. Investment property under IFRS is distinct from PP&E and can be valued using a fair value model where gains/losses flow through the income statement.

Key Points

  • Average Age = Accumulated Depreciation / Annual Depreciation Expense.
  • Average Remaining Useful Life = Net PP&E / Annual Depreciation Expense.
  • Investment Property (IFRS) Fair Value Model: Gains/losses recognized in profit and loss.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following costs incurred for a machine should most likely be expensed in the period incurred?

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Question 2

When a firm capitalizes an expenditure instead of expensing it immediately, the effect in the current period is to:

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Question 3

A company constructs a warehouse for its own use. The interest cost incurred during construction should be:

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Question 4

Under IFRS, which of the following costs related to intangible assets must be expensed as incurred?

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Question 5

An intangible asset with an indefinite useful life:

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Question 6

A company acquires another firm for $50 million. The fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is $40 million. The $10 million difference is recorded as:

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Question 7

Using the straight-line method, a machine purchased for $100,000 with a residual value of $10,000 and a 5-year useful life would result in an annual depreciation expense of:

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Question 8

A firm uses the double-declining balance (DDB) depreciation method for an asset with a 5-year life. The rate applied to the carrying value each year is:

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Question 9

Compared to straight-line depreciation, using an accelerated depreciation method in the early years of an asset's life will result in:

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Question 10

Component depreciation is required under:

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Question 11

A company increases the estimated useful life of its equipment. This change is accounted for:

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Question 12

Under IFRS, an asset is considered impaired when its carrying value exceeds its:

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Question 13

The recoverable amount of an asset under IFRS is defined as:

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Question 14

Under U.S. GAAP, the first step in testing a long-lived asset for impairment is to compare the asset's carrying value to its:

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Question 15

Under U.S. GAAP, if an asset is impaired, the loss recognized is equal to the excess of the carrying value over the:

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Question 16

Regarding the reversal of impairment losses on long-lived assets held for use, which statement is correct?

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Question 17

When a firm revalues an asset upward under the IFRS revaluation model for the first time, the gain is reported:

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Question 18

A firm using the IFRS revaluation model revalued an asset downward last year, recognizing a loss in net income. This year, the asset's value increased. The gain up to the amount of the previous loss should be:

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Question 19

An asset with a carrying value of $20,000 is sold for $25,000. The original cost was $50,000. The gain or loss on derecognition is:

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Question 20

Under IFRS, investment property is defined as property owned for the purpose of:

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Question 21

If a firm uses the fair value model for investment property under IFRS, changes in the fair value of the property are recognized in:

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Question 22

Average age of fixed assets can be estimated by dividing:

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Question 23

Which of the following would lead to a lower fixed asset turnover ratio?

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Question 24

A firm capitalizes a $10,000 expenditure that should have been expensed. In the year of the expenditure, cash flow from operations (CFO) will be:

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Question 25

An asset has a cost of $200,000, estimated useful life of 10 years, and salvage value of $20,000. Under the double-declining balance method, depreciation expense in Year 1 is:

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Question 26

In the later years of an asset's life, compared to straight-line depreciation, an accelerated depreciation method results in:

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Question 27

A firm reclassifies a piece of machinery from 'held-for-use' to 'held-for-sale'. At reclassification, the asset is measured at:

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Question 28

Once an asset is classified as held-for-sale, the firm:

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Question 29

An impairment charge reduces the carrying value of an asset. In future periods, this will generally result in:

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Question 30

Under U.S. GAAP, which of the following is expensed as incurred?

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Question 31

When calculating the fixed asset turnover ratio, a firm that uses the revaluation model (upward revaluation) compared to the cost model will likely show:

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Question 32

A firm has gross PP&E of $2,000, accumulated depreciation of $500, and annual depreciation expense of $150. The estimated total useful life of its assets is closest to:

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Question 33

Software development costs incurred by a company intending to sell the software are capitalized under U.S. GAAP:

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Question 34

If a company uses the fair value model for investment property, a transfer from owner-occupied property to investment property is treated as:

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Question 35

Regarding derecognition, if an asset is exchanged for another asset and the fair value can be reliably measured, the gain or loss is calculated based on:

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Question 36

Under the units-of-production method, depreciation expense:

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Question 37

Which of the following creates a deferred tax liability?

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Question 38

When estimating the remaining useful life of assets, the calculation Net PP&E / Depreciation Expense is most accurate when the firm uses:

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Question 39

A manufacturing firm treats the cost of lubricating oil for factory machines as:

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Question 40

If a firm uses the cost model for investment property under IFRS, it must disclose:

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Question 41

Compared to a firm that expenses an expenditure, a firm that capitalizes it will report:

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Question 42

Under U.S. GAAP, revaluation of PP&E to fair value is:

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Question 43

An asset with a carrying amount of $80,000 is abandoned. The firm incurs no costs to abandon it. The firm should recognize:

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Question 44

Regarding internally generated goodwill:

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Question 45

If a firm uses a shorter useful life estimate for its assets compared to peers, its:

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Question 46

Which of the following items is treated as a component of other comprehensive income under the IFRS revaluation model?

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Question 47

A key difference between the IFRS fair value model for investment property and the revaluation model for PP&E is:

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Question 48

When analyzing a firm's solvency, an analyst would most likely adjust the financial statements by:

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Question 49

Generally, capitalizing a cost rather than expensing it results in:

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Question 50

Under U.S. GAAP, which of the following is capitalized as an asset?

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