Reading 16: Financial Reporting Standards

50 questions available

Standard-Setting Bodies and Regulatory Authorities5 min
The financial reporting landscape relies on a distinction between those who create the rules and those who enforce them. Standard-setting bodies are typically private, professional organizations like the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) and FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). They develop the actual accounting standards, such as IFRS and US GAAP. Regulatory authorities are government agencies like the SEC (U.S.) and FCA (U.K.) that have the legal power to enforce these standards. Most national regulators belong to IOSCO (International Organization of Securities Commissions), which aims for uniform regulation globally. In the U.S., the SEC requires specific filings: Form S-1 for new securities, Form 10-K for audited annual reports, Form 10-Q for unaudited quarterly reports, Form 8-K for significant material events, and Form DEF-14A for proxy statements.

Key Points

  • Standard-setting bodies (IASB, FASB) make the rules; Regulatory authorities (SEC, FCA) enforce them.
  • IOSCO regulates 95 percent of the worlds financial markets but is not a regulatory body itself.
  • Key SEC Filings: S-1 (IPO), 10-K (Annual), 10-Q (Quarterly), 8-K (Material Events), DEF-14A (Proxy).
  • Form 20-F and 40-F are used by foreign issuers in the U.S.
  • Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires management certification of financial statements and internal controls.
The IASB Conceptual Framework6 min
The IASB Conceptual Framework establishes the concepts that underlie financial reporting. Its core objective is providing useful information to capital providers. The framework categorizes qualitative characteristics into 'fundamental' (Relevance and Faithful Representation) and 'enhancing' (Comparability, Verifiability, Timeliness, Understandability). Relevance implies the information can influence decisions (materiality is a subset of this). Faithful representation means information is complete, neutral, and free from error. The framework also defines the five elements of financial statements: Assets (resources controlled), Liabilities (obligations), Equity (residual interest), Income (increases in economic benefits), and Expenses (decreases in economic benefits). Items are recognized if probable and reliably measurable.

Key Points

  • Fundamental Characteristics: Relevance and Faithful Representation.
  • Enhancing Characteristics: Comparability, Verifiability, Timeliness, Understandability.
  • Elements of Financial Position: Assets, Liabilities, Equity.
  • Elements of Performance: Income, Expenses.
  • Underlying Assumptions: Accrual accounting and Going concern.
  • Constraint: Benefit of information must exceed the cost of providing it.
General Requirements under IFRS (IAS No. 1)5 min
IAS No. 1 defines the required financial statements and their presentation. A complete set includes a statement of financial position (balance sheet), statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity, statement of cash flows, and notes. The standard mandates general features such as Fair Presentation (faithful representation), Going Concern (assumption the firm will continue), Accrual Basis (recording transactions when they occur, not when cash moves), Consistency (presentation stays the same between periods), and Materiality (no misstatements that influence decisions). It specifically prohibits offsetting assets against liabilities or income against expenses unless a standard requires it. Firms must report at least annually and provide comparative information for prior periods.

Key Points

  • Required statements include Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, Equity Changes, and Notes.
  • Financial statements must be prepared on an Accrual basis (except Cash Flows).
  • Going concern is a fundamental assumption; if not valid, it must be disclosed.
  • No offsetting of assets/liabilities or income/expenses is allowed generally.
  • Classified balance sheet (current vs. noncurrent) is standard unless liquidity-based is more relevant.

Questions

Question 1

According to the IASB Conceptual Framework, what is the primary objective of financial reporting?

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Question 2

Which of the following organizations is classified as a standard-setting body rather than a regulatory authority?

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Question 3

Which U.S. SEC form is a required annual filing that includes audited financial statements?

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Question 4

What are the two fundamental qualitative characteristics that make financial information useful according to the IASB Conceptual Framework?

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Question 5

In the context of the IASB Conceptual Framework, materiality is considered an aspect of which qualitative characteristic?

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Question 6

Which element of financial statements is defined as a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past transactions expected to provide future economic benefits?

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Question 7

Under IAS No. 1, which basis of accounting is required for preparing financial statements, excluding the statement of cash flows?

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Question 8

Which form must a U.S. company file to report significant events such as changes in management or corporate governance?

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Question 9

What is the role of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO)?

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Question 10

Which of the following is considered an enhancing qualitative characteristic of financial information?

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Question 11

Which measurement base represents the amount the firm would have to pay today to acquire the same asset?

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Question 12

What is the definition of a liability under the IASB Conceptual Framework?

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Question 13

According to IAS No. 1, how often must firms present a complete set of financial statements?

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Question 14

Which accounting constraint acknowledges that the value of information to users should exceed the expense of providing it?

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Question 15

Which SEC form is used by Canadian companies to file their annual reports in the United States?

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Question 16

Under IAS No. 1, offsetting of assets against liabilities is generally:

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Question 17

What defines the 'Going Concern' assumption?

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Question 18

Which characteristic requires that financial information be complete, neutral, and free from error?

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Question 19

A proxy statement filed with the SEC prior to a shareholder vote is known as:

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Question 20

Which measurement base involves historical cost adjusted for depreciation, amortization, and impairment?

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Question 21

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 prohibits a company's external auditor from:

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Question 22

Which qualitative characteristic implies that independent observers using the same methods obtain similar results?

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Question 23

Income is defined in the IASB Framework as an increase in economic benefits that results in:

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Question 24

What is the definition of Fair Value?

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Question 25

Forms 3, 4, and 5 filed with the SEC relate to:

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Question 26

Under IAS No. 1, which of the following is NOT a required financial statement?

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Question 27

Which qualitative characteristic ensures that financial statement presentation is consistent among firms and across time periods?

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Question 28

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) establishes accounting principles for which jurisdiction?

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Question 29

Which SEC filing allows a company to issue securities to qualified buyers without registering them with the SEC?

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Question 30

According to the IASB Conceptual Framework, an item should be recognized in financial statements if:

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Question 31

Which measurement base is defined as the discounted value of the asset's expected future cash flows?

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Question 32

Which of the following is a General Feature of financial statements under IAS No. 1?

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Question 33

What does the 'Accrual Basis' assumption imply for financial statements?

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Question 34

Which organization coordinates securities regulation within the European Union?

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Question 35

The IASB Conceptual Framework describes 'Expenses' as:

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Question 36

Form 6-K is the form that non-U.S. companies typically file with the SEC:

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Question 37

Which enhancing qualitative characteristic suggests that information should be available to decision makers before it becomes stale?

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Question 38

What does the 'Aggregation' feature in IAS No. 1 imply?

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Question 39

Under IAS No. 1, what is the required structure for the balance sheet for most entities?

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Question 40

To keep up to date on evolving standards, an analyst should monitor:

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Question 41

Under the IASB Framework, 'Equity' is defined as:

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Question 42

Which document outlines the qualitative characteristics of financial statements?

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Question 43

Standard-setting bodies are typically:

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Question 44

The 'Understandability' characteristic assumes that users:

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Question 45

Which of the following describes the 'No offsetting' feature of IAS No. 1?

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Question 46

What is the primary responsibility of regulatory authorities like the SEC?

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Question 47

Which SEC filing is a registration statement filed prior to the sale of new securities to the public?

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Question 48

According to the Conceptual Framework, what aspect of 'Relevance' allows users to confirm prior expectations?

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Question 49

What requirement does the Sarbanes-Oxley Act impose on a company's executive management regarding financial statements?

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Question 50

Which organization produces position papers on financial reporting issues through its Centre for Financial Market Integrity?

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