The Self

According to research by Gallup (1970) on chimpanzees, what action indicated that the animals understood they were looking at themselves in a mirror?

At approximately what age do human infants typically begin to recognize themselves in a mirror, similar to the way chimpanzees do?

What is the term for the knowledge representation that contains our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles?

What is meant by the term 'self-complexity'?

According to research on self-complexity, what is a primary benefit of having a more complex self-concept?

What did the classic study by Rogers, Kuiper, and Kirker (1977) on memory for adjectives demonstrate?

What is the loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in groups called?

In the Halloween field experiment by Beaman et al. (1979), what was the percentage of children who took more than one piece of candy when a large mirror was placed behind the candy bowl?

What is the difference between private and public self-consciousness?

The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others are paying attention to them is known as what?

In the study on the 'illusion of transparency' by Gilovich, Savitsky, and Medvec (1998), what did liars overestimate?

What is self-esteem?

On the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a common self-report measure, what do higher numbers on the 1 to 4 scale indicate?

The concept that people prefer things associated with their own names, such as their own initials, is called what?

In the study by Sanitioso, Kunda, and Fong (1990), what type of memories did students tend to list first after learning that a certain personality trait (introversion or extroversion) was linked to success?

The tendency to present a positive self-image to others with the goal of increasing our social status is known as what?

According to Jones and Pittman (1982), which self-presentation strategy aims to create fear by showing that you can be aggressive?

What personality trait is characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness?

Based on the review by Baumeister and colleagues (2003), what is the causal relationship between high self-esteem and positive life outcomes like academic achievement?

What is the term for the process of learning about our abilities, skills, and social status by comparing ourselves with others?

In Stanley Schachter's (1959) classic studies on affiliation, what percentage of women expecting to receive painful shocks preferred to wait with others?

When we attempt to create a positive image of ourselves through favorable comparisons with others who are worse off than we are, what is this process called?

What is social identity?

The process of enhancing our self-esteem by 'basking in the reflected glory' of our ingroups or other people we know is called what?

In the study by Kim and Markus (1999), participants from which cultural background were more likely to choose a pen with a more common color, reflecting a preference for conformity?

What is the average score for college students on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, which is rated on a 1 to 4 scale?

Which brain region is primarily identified in neuroimaging studies as being important for processing and storing information about the self?

How do men and women typically differ in their self-presentation strategies, according to the text?

What is a 'low self-monitor' likely to do in a social situation?

According to the text, when does BIRGing (basking in reflected glory) fail to boost self-esteem and instead lead to upward social comparison?

Which of the following self-descriptions is more typical of a person from an East Asian, collectivistic culture compared to a person from a Western, individualistic culture?

What is the primary reason that negative information about a person tends to have a greater impact on our impressions than positive information?

What is a key finding regarding the self-esteem of lottery winners and paralyzed accident victims, as studied by Brickman, Coates, and Janoff-Bulman (1978)?

Which of the following is a potential negative consequence of having an overly high and unrealistic self-esteem, also known as narcissism?

The desire to have others see us as we see ourselves, even if our self-views are negative, is a motivation known as:

What is social status as defined in the chapter?

What does the Twenty Statements Test, which asks a person to complete the statement 'I am...' twenty times, reveal?

In the context of the self-concept, what is a 'self-schema'?

What does research on cultural differences in self-consciousness, such as the study by Heine et al. (2008), suggest about the effect of a mirror on people from East Asian cultures?

The feeling self, or self-esteem, is in part a trait that is stable over time. What else is it?

According to the Sanitioso, Kunda, and Fong (1990) study, what percentage of students who learned that extroversion was related to success listed an extroverted memory first?

Which of the five self-presentation strategies described by Jones and Pittman (1982) involves creating pity by indicating helplessness?

What is the relationship between self-esteem, social status, and self-presentation?

In Schachter's (1959) follow-up studies, what kind of company did anxious participants prefer?

When are upward social comparisons most useful, despite potentially lowering our self-esteem?

According to research by Todd Heatherton and Kathleen Vohs (2000), how did people with extremely high self-esteem react when forced to fail on a task in front of a partner?

What are the three categories of self-concept responses most commonly revealed by the Twenty Statements Test?

How much of our well-being is estimated to be accounted for by our wealth, health, and life circumstances combined?

In the context of self-awareness, what is 'publicly induced self-awareness' also known as?

What did the research by Twenge, Campbell, and Foster (2003) on the impact of having children on well-being find?