Basic Concepts in Immunology

Who is credited with the first scientific proof of vaccination by demonstrating that inoculation with cowpox provided protection against smallpox?

What term describes the serum component discovered by Jules Bordet that acts in conjunction with antibodies to destroy pathogenic bacteria?

Which of the following distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

From which cells do all the cellular elements of the blood, including white blood cells, ultimately derive?

Which of the following are NOT considered part of the myeloid lineage that arises from the common myeloid progenitor?

What is the primary function of the body's anatomic and chemical barriers, such as the skin and mucosal surfaces, in the context of host defense?

According to Figure 1.7, which depicts the phases of the immune response, how long does it typically take for the adaptive immune response to begin after infection?

Which cell type is considered the most numerous and important phagocyte in the innate immune response, known for being short-lived and migrating to sites of infection?

What is the general term for the simple molecules and regular patterns of molecular structure, such as LPS and peptidoglycans, that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

What are the two major classes of lymphocytes in the vertebrate adaptive immune system?

What is the effector form of a B lymphocyte that is specialized to secrete large quantities of antibodies?

Which type of effector T lymphocyte is primarily responsible for killing other host cells that are infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens?

In what fundamental way does antigen recognition by T-cell receptors (TCRs) differ from recognition by B-cell receptors (BCRs)/antibodies?

The extraordinary diversity of antigen receptors in the adaptive immune system is generated by which process, discovered by Susumu Tonegawa?

What is the central concept of the clonal selection theory proposed by Macfarlane Burnet?

The process by which developing lymphocytes with receptors that are potentially reactive against the body's own tissues are removed is known as what?

Where do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes complete their maturation, respectively?

What is the primary role of dendritic cells in initiating an adaptive immune response?

What specialized structures in lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues facilitate the entry of circulating lymphocytes from the blood?

Within a lymph node, where are B cells and T cells primarily localized, respectively?

What is the primary function of the spleen in the context of the immune system?

Specialized epithelial cells called M cells are a key feature of which type of lymphoid tissue?

Approximately how many daughter cells can a single naive lymphocyte produce during the 3 to 5 days of proliferation following activation?

What is the key characteristic of a secondary antibody response compared to a primary response?

The process by which antibodies acquire higher affinity for an antigen during a secondary response is known as what?

Which type of innate immune cell lacks antigen-specific receptors but shares a similar cytotoxic capacity with T cells and is considered its innate homolog?

What is the term for the effector function where antibodies bind to pathogens or toxins and block their ability to interact with host cells?

The coating of a pathogen with antibodies to facilitate its uptake by phagocytes is a process known as what?

CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells are functionally distinguished by their recognition of peptides presented by which two classes of MHC molecules, respectively?

Which of the following pathogens would be primarily targeted by a cell-mediated response involving cytotoxic T cells?

Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives inside macrophage vesicles, are primarily controlled by which subset of CD4 T cells that activate macrophage killing mechanisms?

What is the general term for an immune response directed against an innocuous foreign substance, such as pollen?

The major antigens that provoke graft rejection are highly polymorphic molecules in the human population. What are these molecules called?

What type of cell, originating from the common lymphoid progenitor, is large, granular, lacks antigen-specific receptors, and was first identified by its ability to kill certain tumor cells and herpesvirus-infected cells?

The small, specialized proteins secreted by immune cells that act as chemoattractants, directing the migration of other cells, are known as what?

What are the four classical signs of inflammation as described by the Latin words calor, dolor, rubor, and tumor?

The lymphocyte receptor repertoire in an individual human at any one time is composed of at least how many different specificities?

According to the text, a process of programmed cell death, whose name is derived from a Greek word meaning the falling of leaves from trees, is called what?

Which of the following is considered a central (or primary) lymphoid organ?

What are the two components that combine to form the antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule?

Which component of the innate immune system is described as a group of around 30 plasma proteins that can opsonize pathogens and induce inflammation?

What is the term for the small, specific portion of an antigen's molecular structure that is recognized by an individual antibody or T-cell receptor?

Unlike T cells, which lack antigen specificity, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and natural killer (NK) cells arise from which progenitor cell?

What is the approximate duration required for an adaptive immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before to become effective?

What term describes the process where lymphocytes that bind self antigens with relatively low affinity are functionally inactivated rather than deleted?

Which class of cell-surface proteins on endothelial cells initiates the interaction with leukocytes by binding to specific carbohydrate groups on the leukocytes?

Which of the following is NOT a location of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Who received the Nobel Prize for discovering that T cells must recognize both a foreign peptide and a self MHC molecule?

Type 1 immunity, involving the cytokine interferon-gamma, is an effector module specialized for defense against which category of pathogen?

What type of cell, discovered by Ralph Steinman, has a main role of processing pathogens and activating naive T lymphocytes, thus forming a crucial link between innate and adaptive immunity?

What is the collective term for the four broad categories of disease-causing microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites?